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THE IMPACT OF GLOBAL LOGISTICS
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The global logistics management process
Environmental analysis Planning Structure Plan implementation and Controlling the logistics program
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Cost-service trade off analysis
Order completeness Shipping accuracy and Shipment condition
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Guidelines for developing a global logistics strategy
Logistics planning should be integrated into the firm’s strategic planning process Logistics departments must be guided by a clear vision and must measure output regularly Import-export management should try to ensure integrated management of all elements of the logistics supply chain from origin to destination Opportunities to integrate domestic and international operations should be pursued to leverage total company volumes with globally oriented carriers
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The global logistics environment
Controllable elements Uncontrollable elements
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Uncontrollable elements
Political and legal systems of foreign markets Economic conditions Degree of competition in each market Level of distribution technology available or accessible Geographic structure of the foreign market Social and cultural norms of various target markets
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Controllable elements
Customer service International Inventory issues International Packaging issues Transportation Warehousing and storage Other activities like global sourcing of materials
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Issues related to global logistics
International customer service issues International inventory issues International packaging issues International transportation issues International warehousing and storage issues
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1. International customer service issues
Consumes longer time Requires different types of transport carriers, Multiple transfers and handling Crossing of many international borders Time in transit vary from shipment to shipment
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2. International inventory issues
International business have 50% or more of their assets in inventory Inventory levels differ depending on the length of the transit Includes unique factors such as currency exchange rates, greater distances and custom duties In case of high inflation, large inventories provide inflation hedge
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3. International packaging issues
Handling of products Climate Potential for pilferage Communication and language differences Freight rates Customs duties Customer’s requirements
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Containers - advantages
Reduced cost due to loss or damage Increased use of automated or mechanized material handling equipments Lower warehousing and transportation costs Available in variety of sizes Serve as temporary storage facilities at ports and terminals
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Containers- disadvantages
Delay caused in in-bound and out-bound cargo Large capital expenditures are required to initiate a container
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4. International transportation issues
Infrastructure Availability of modes Choice of modes among the given alternatives
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a. Ocean or Sea transport
Liner service-regular scheduled passage on established routes Bulk service-contractual services for individual voyages Tramp service- irregular routes and scheduled only on demand Based on the type of cargo carried Conventional cargo vessels-oversized and unusual cargo Container ships-standardised containers Roll-on roll-off vessels-ocean going ferries
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Shipping documents used in ocean shipping
The standard shipping note(SSN)- what is to happen to the goods on arrival at the foreign port The bill of lading-shipping company’s receipt for the goods loaded
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b. Air transport or Air freight- advantages
Useful for transportation of perishable products, high value, high density products Less stock holding in loading terminals Speedier settlement of invoices Eliminates excess need of intermodal transportation Facilitates JIT Convenience and ease of administration
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c. Rail and road transport
‘International consignment note’
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Choice of transport method
Transit time Predictability Cost of transportation Non economic factors- govt pressure-UNCTAD- United Nations Conference for Trade and Development
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5. International warehousing and storage issues
Storage facilities- bonded warehouse Free ports- wider area at sea port and free zones- near air ports
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