1. HC 399 Presentation Hidekel A. Moreno Luna

2. Hydrogen Consumption Purposes  Transportation  Automobiles  Buses  Bicycles  Motorcycles and Scooters  Rocket  Airplanes Energy Storage Fuel Cell

3. Hydrogen Energy Production Today  Production  Hydrogen fuel can be obtain through many thermo chemical methods utilizing:  Natural gas  Coal  Liquefied petroleum  Biomass  Water  Geothermal Today 85% of hydrogen produced is from removing sulfur from gasoline. Fig. 1. World hydrogen supply. Source: International Association for Hydrogen Energy (IAHE)

4.  Investment  Storage:  Usually store as liquid hydrogen in compressed hydrogen storage tanks. Fig. 2: Energy Investment. Source: IAHE

5. Nuclear Energy  Background  Nuclear energy in 2005 accounted for 2.1% of the world’s energy and 15% of the electricity.  In 2007 the International Atomic Energy Agency reported that there were 439 nuclear plants in the world in 31 countries.  Map, next slide.  Electricity Production from nuclear processes  It originates from splitting uranium atoms(fission). The released energy is use to make steam which is used to run a turbine that produces electricity. In the US 19% of the electricity comes from nuclear processes (US Environmental Protection Agency EPA)

6.  Fig. 3. Nuclear Power Stations. Source: Wikipedia.org  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuclear_power_s tation.svg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuclear_power_s tation.svg

7.  Machinery that can be used to produce electricity and hydrogen  Examples  Modular Helium Reactor(MHR)  Advance High Temperature Reactor(AHTR)  Secure Transportable Autonomous Reactor(SFR)

8. Fig.4.Technology options for nuclear hydrogen production. Source: IAHE

9.  Efficiency figures  F:\HC 399\Efficiency of hydrogen production systems using alternative nuclear energy technologies.htm  Successful countries  France Fig.5. Electricity Production Source: International Electricity Generation

10. Conversion between both productions (Nuclear and hydrogen)  Nuclear energy can be used in hydrogen production in three main ways:  By using the electricity from the nuclear plant for conventional liquid water electrolysis.  By using high-temp. heat and electricity from the nuclear plant for high temp. steam electrolysis or the hybrid process.  Using the heat for thermo chemical processes.

11.  Machinery options  MHR: operating temperature 800 C  AHTR: operating temp. 1000C (not built yet)  AGR: operating temp. 750C  14 units in the world, originally built in UK. CO2 coolant!  STAR-H2: operating temp. 500C  Based on Russian Submarine reactor, not been built commercially yet.  SFR: operating temp. 500c  Sodium cooled for efficient management. Solid demonstration in Russia, France, and the US.

12. Fig.6. The gas turbine-modular helium reactor. Source: General Atomics Fig.7.Advanced Gas Reactor. Source: Österreichisches Ökologie-InstitutÖsterreichisches Ökologie-Institut Fig.8.SFR. Source: Idaho National Laboratory

13. ApproachElectrochemical Thermochemical 4-5 FeatureWater electrolysis High temperatures steam electrolysisSteam-methane reformingThermochemical water splitting Required temperature, (°C)<100, at Patm>500, at Patm>700 >800 for S-I and WSP >700 for UT-3 >600 for Cu– Cl Efficiency of the process (%)85–90 90–95 (at View the MathML source) >60, depending on temperature>40, depending on TC cycle and temperature Energy efficiency coupled to LWR, or ALWR% not, vert, similar27not, vert, similar30Not feasible Energy efficiency coupled to MHR, ALWR, ATHR, or S- AGR (%)>35 >45, depending on power cycle and temperature >60, depending on temperature>40, depending on TC cycle and temperature Advantage View the MathML source technology View the MathML source efficiency View the MathML sourcebe coupled to reactors operating at intermediate temperatures View the MathML sourceCO2 emission View the MathML source technology View the MathML sourceCO2 emissionView the MathML source CO2 emission Disadvantage View the MathML source energy efficiency View the MathML source development of durable, large-scale HTSE units View the MathML source emissionsView the MathML source on methane prices View the MathML source chemistry View the MathML sourcevery high temperature reactors View the MathML sourcedevelopment at large scale Table 1.1 Advantages and Disadvantages for different approaches of energy. Source: IJHE

14.  Hydrogen Energy Production in the Future requires change in the technology.  Such change figures cannot be calculated yet because we are still in early phases of development.  Demand: because nuclear plants are characterized by high capital cost and low operation cost, we can expect that by using the techniques develop for natural gas transportation(pipes); we could increase the storage capacity. According to the International Journal of Hydrogen Energy (IJHE), H2 storage in large volumes is expected to be relatively low cost.

15. Future for Hydrogen Energy?

16. Questions? Fuel cell typeMobile ion Operating temperature Applications and notes Alkaline (AFC) OH − 50–200 ◦ C e.g. Apollo, Shuttle. Proton exchange membrane (PEMFC) H+H+ 30–100 ◦ C Vehicles and mobile applications, and for lower power CHP systems Direct methanol (DMFC) H + 20–90 ◦ C Suitable for portable electronic systems of low power, running for long times Phosphoric acid (PAFC) H+H+ ∼ 220 ◦ C Large numbers of 200-kW CHP systems in use. Molten carbonate (MCFC) CO 3 2− ∼ 650 ◦ C Suitable for medium- to large-scale CHP systems, up to MW capacity Solid oxide (SOFC) O2−O2− 500–1000 ◦ CSuitable for all sizes of CHP systems, 2kW to multi-MW. Table 1.2 Data for different types of fuel cell. Source: Fuel Cell Systems Explained Second Edition

17. Fig. 9,10. Refueling infrastructure for hydrogen vehicles. Source: Journal of Power Sources

18. Fig.11. Capital cost of hydrogen infrastructure. Fuel. Source: Journal of Power Sources

19. Fig.12. Capital cost for developing new hydrogen production Source: Journal For Power Sources

20. Works Cited  Bilge, Yildiz, and Mugid Kazimi. "Efficiency of hydrogen production systems using alternative nuclear energy technologies." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 31.1 (2006): 77-92. Web. 1 Oct 2009..  Forsberg, Charles. "Hydrogen, nuclear energy,and the advanced high temperature reactor." International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 28.10 (2003): 1073-1081. Web. 1 Oct 2009.. 3  Ogden, Joan, Margaret Steinbugler, and Thomas Kreutz. "A comparison of hydrogen, methanol and gasoline as fuels for fuel cell vehicles: implications for vehicle design and infrastructure development." 79.2 (1999): 143-168. Web. 1 Oct 2009..  Wikipedia,. "Hydrogen vehicle." Web..