1. The Revolution of 1848 Prince Clemens von Metternich – minister of foreign affairs for Austria Prince Clemens von Metternich – minister of foreign affairs for Austria –Felt democratic and nationalist movements would destroy Austrian Empire  Crush all revolutionary activity Despite his efforts, revolution spread to Austria in 1848 Despite his efforts, revolution spread to Austria in 1848 –Francis Joseph became emperor in October –Dissolved revolutionary assembly  Rejected new constitution Maintained empire, but it was weakened Maintained empire, but it was weakened –Future foreign crises would weaken it even more

2. The Dual Monarchy Francis Joseph was challenged by the Magyars of Hungary Francis Joseph was challenged by the Magyars of Hungary –Both worked together to preserve national existence –Ausgleich restored Hungary’s independence  Austrian Empire now a dual monarchy  Francis Joseph would rule both sides Remained independent politically Remained independent politically –Very dependent economically –Dual monarchy restored industrialization in Austria Agreement was satisfying to most Agreement was satisfying to most –Nationalists were against

3. Powder Keg in the Balkans Ottoman Empire was in decline Ottoman Empire was in decline –Austria hoped to gain territory –France wanted to protect Catholics –Great Britain feared disruption of Mediterranean trade –All powers wanted to prevent Russian expansion Start of the Crimean War Start of the Crimean War 1875 Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania revolted against the Turks 1875 Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania revolted against the Turks –Revolts were suppressed with massacres

4. The Congress of Berlin 1877 – Russo-Turkish War 1877 – Russo-Turkish War –Russia used Balkan countries as a reason to go to war  Gained control over much of the Bulgarian state through Treaty of San Stefano Great European powers protested treaty Great European powers protested treaty –Met in Berlin to revise Treaty –Took away Russia’s war gains –Granted some Balkan states independence, but not others –Ottoman Empire lost much territory

5. Balkan Conflict 1912 Balkan forces joined to free members from Ottoman rule 1912 Balkan forces joined to free members from Ottoman rule –Captured most of Ottoman’s territory Balkan states began warring with each other Balkan states began warring with each other –Treaty of Bucharest in 1913 redistributed disputed land –Serbia increased in power  Threatened Austria-Hungary  Russia wanted to expand its own territory French, British, and German powers tried to maintain balance of power French, British, and German powers tried to maintain balance of power –Prevent Austria-Hungary or Russia from gaining more territory