1. Day Six: Supporting Your Speech: Materials & moreby
Yana Cornish
Hamilton College

2. Agenda: Supporting Materials (Ch. 7)
Types of supporting materials (Ch. 8)
Activity

3. Homework: Read chapters 7 & 8 Do suggested activity p. 165
Select a video speech and provide its analysis.
Perfect your introduction and conclusion
Continue selecting supporting materials for your first speech
Continue putting together biographical information

4. Supporting Material
Ideas, opinions, and information that help to explain a presentation’s main idea and purpose.
The best presenters use a mix of many different kinds of supporting material

5. What Materials to Use? Facts Illustrations (verbal or visual)
Descriptions & explanations
Definitions
Analogies
Statistics
Opinions
Examples
Stories
Testimonies

6. What Materials to Use?
Fact - verifiable observation, experience, or event known to be true
Most effective when the audience can accept them as true
Illustrations (verbal or visual):
Brief illustration – a short example (a sentence or two)
Extended illustration – a detailed example

7. What Materials to Use? Descriptions & explanations:
Description – detailed mental images of people, concepts, or things.
Explanation – a statement that makes clear how something is done or why it exists.
They offer causes, effects, characteristics, and background information.
Definition – explanations or clarifications of a word’s meaning.

8. What Materials to Use?
Analogy – a comparison of unfamiliar concepts or objects with familiar ones.
can be alike or different
Examples:
Alike: America is like a quilt- many patches, pieces, colors, and sizes, all woven and held together by a common thread.
Different: If a copilot must be qualified to fly a plane, then a U.S. Vice President should be qualified to govern the country.

9. What Materials to Use?
Statistics – systematically collected and numerically classified information.
-only factual if analyzed correctly
Opinion – a statement made by an individual
Examples- provides a reference to a specific case or instance in order to make an idea understandable.
can be facts, brief descriptions, or detailed stories

10. What Materials to Use?
Stories- accounts or reports about things that have happened.
Can have a great impact on the audience
Use stories to gain attention, create a mood, or reinforce an important idea.

11. What Materials to Use?
Testimony- statements or opinions that someone has said or written in magazines, speeches, on the radio, books, etc.
Believability depends on the credentials of the speaker or writer, so use testimony from famous people and experts to enhance your credibility.
Expert testimony – an opinion offered by someone who is an authority on the subject.
Lay testimony – an opinion offered by a nonexpert who has firsthand experience.

12. How to choose good materials:
Magnitude – bigger is better!
Proximity – the most relevant to the listeners (‘closest to home’)
Concreteness – use concrete examples and statistics
Variety – use a mix!
Humor – audience will appreciate it!
Suitability of material – to you, your speech, your audience, and occasion.

13. Search for Supporting materials
Start with your own knowledge
Internet/WWW:
To supplement library sources, not replace them
Directories
Search engines
Alta Vista
Google
Yahoo!
Lycos
Dogpile

14. Search Engine

15. Directory:

16. Supporting materials:
Library resources:
Books
Periodicals
Full-text Databases
Government documents
Reference resources (maps, encyclopedias, etc.)
Special services (interlibrary loan)

17. Supporting materials:
Interviews:
Needs to be set up
Requires planning
Can provide very useful information
Special groups/organizations

18. Important Questions for Interviews
Why am I conducting this interview? What do I hope to learn?
What do I know about the person I’m interviewing?
What do I want or need to know for my presentation?
In what order should I ask the questions?

19. Evaluating Your Sources
Is the source identifiable and credible?
Are the author and publisher identified and reputable?
Example: Which is more respected and reputable?
The National Inquirer or
The Wall Street Journal
Is the source biased?
Is the information slanted in one direction so much that it isn’t fair?

20. Evaluating Your Sources
Is the information recent?
When was the information collected and published? Use magazines, web sources, etc. for current events.
Is the information consistent?
Is the information similar to other information on the same subject?
Are the statistics valid?
Use sophisticated research methods to provide valid statistics and information.

21. Questions for Determining Validity
Who collected and analyzed the data?
Is the researcher a well-respected expert?
How was the information collected and analyzed?
Who is reporting the statistics: the researcher or a reporter?
Are the statistics believable?

22. Record Your Sources
Make a bibliography card, recording all relevant information for each source you intend to use.
Make copies of the material you will use
Save material you find online by printing it, ing it to yourself, or saving it to a disk.

23. Record Your Sources Read the copies you have made carefully
Take careful notes on information related to your paper topic.
Distinguish exact quotations from summaries and record all page numbers.

24. Cite Your Sources
In writing (bibliography) and/or orally during your speech
In Writing (bibliography):
Must include author, title, publisher, and date
There should be no question which words are yours and which words belong to other people.
Not necessary for facts regarded as common knowledge (available in many sources), such as chronological events, author’s birth date...

25. Cite Your Sources (cont.)
If you are not sure, cite your sources!
Cite all supporting material unless it is common knowledge.
Cite someone else’s ideas and opinions, even if you restate it in your own words.

26. Citing Your Sources Orally
Provide sufficient information to allow others to find your source, don’t read the whole citation.
Provide the name of the person, saying a word or two about their credentials, and mentioning the source (or title) of the information.

27. Citing: Directly or Paraphrasing
In a 1988 article published by English Journal, Dr. James Stalker described the absurdity of adopting an official language for the United States. He wrote: “We cannot…”
Paraphrasing:
In a 1988 article published by English Journal, Dr. James Stalker noted that in a Democracy like ours, we cannot pass laws against the use of other languages.

28. Supporting materials:
How to develop a bibliography:
In alphabetical order at the end of the speech outline
Author’s name
Title of the article (book)
Title of the book/website
Date of publication (date when accessed if it is a web site)
Publisher (books only)

29. In Class Activity:
Critical thinking pp

30. Outline Review (see pp. 32-33):
Topic
General and Specific Purposes: at the end of the speech…
Central idea
Description:
Introduction (write your statement)
Body (structure only)
Conclusion (write your statement)

31. Homework: Read chapters 7 & 8 Do suggested activity p. 165
Select a video speech and provide its analysis.
Perfect your introduction and conclusion
Continue selecting supporting materials for your first speech
Continue putting together biographical information

32. Questions?