1. The ANITA grade and the Magnoliid Complex Spring 2012

2. Major Angiosperm Clades Amborellaceae Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales MAGNOLIID COMPLEX MONOCOTS EUDICOTS [TRICOLPATES] ANITA GRADE Soltis et al. 2000, APG II 2002, Judd et al. 2002

3. Angiosperm Evolution: Pollen Basic division in distinguishing angiosperms is NOT monocot versus dicot!! Basic distinction is the number of pores or sulcae (grooves) in the pollen grains. Trends in pollen evolution clearly show a shift from uni-aperturate pollen found in gymnosperms and the “basal” angiosperms to tria-perturate pollen found in the more derived flowering plants. Plesiomorphic condition in angiosperms is uni- aperturate. Fossil record is quite good to document this transformation in pollen type.

4. monoaperturate pollen (one pore or groove) Fig. 7.1

5. Pollen Types

6. Fig. 7.1

7. “Basal” Angiosperms: Amborellaceae (Amborella Family) Amborella trichopoda

8. Fig. 7.1

9. “Basal” Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily Family) Widespread, tropics to temperate regions Aquatic rhizomatous herbs, sap milky Ca. 70 species; 5-6 genera Flowers: many parts; laminar stamens; floating; colorful perianth; beetle pollination syndrome Special uses: ornamentals Required taxa: Nymphaea (water lily)

10. “Basal” Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water-lily Family) numerous petals, stamens, carpels laminar stamens pollen monosulcate stigma discoid, radiating berry-like fruit, dehiscent perisperm (from the sporophyte) usually lack vessels (or have tracheid- like vessels)

11. Nymphaea odorata – Water Lily

12. Beetle pollination syndrome Flowers often green or white Flowers with various but strong scents Can open during the day or night Flowers open or enclosed Nectar and/or pollen reward See Ch. 13 in Simpson

13. Nymphaea tuberosa Water Lily

14. Nuphar Water Lily

15. Victoria amazonica – Giant Water Lily

16. Major Angiosperm Clades Amborellaceae Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales MAGNOLIID COMPLEX MONOCOTS EUDICOTS [TRICOLPATES] ANITA GRADE Soltis et al. 2000, APG II 2002, Judd et al. 2002

17. Fig. 7.1

18. Magnoliid characters “Magnocots” 2-ranked leaves, paracytic stomates Perianth generally 3-merous Stamens and carpels: distinct, numerous, spirally arranged Boat-shaped, monosulcate pollen Superior ovary Seeds with fleshy seed coat/aril in many; minute embryo, copious endosperm Many anatomical characters (esp. wood)

19. Magnoliids—Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae (The Magnolia Family) Temperate to tropical regions of eastern North America; east Asia, South America Trees or shrubs with simple leaves Number of species: 2 or 7 genera, 200 species Flowers: apocarpous; anthers laminar, large number; receptacle elongated Significant features: Aromatic; fruit an aggregate of follicles in Magnolia or winged samaras in Liriodendron Special uses: ornamentals; timber Required taxa: Magnolia

20. Magnoliaceae Magnolia virginiana sweetbay woody plant simple leaves stipules many spirally arranged parts separate carpels laminar stamens solitary flower elongate receptacle aggregate of follicles

21. Magnolia X soulangeana

22. Magnolia

23. Within the family, Magnolia is diagnosed by: -presence of a red or orange fleshy seed coat -follicles opening along the abaxial seam

24. Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Poplar Tree

25. Other Magnoliid families of interest (but not required) Lauraceae (the laurel or bay family) Piperaceae (the pepper family) Aristolochiaceae (the birthwort family )

26. Magnoliids—Laurales: Lauraceae (Laurel or Bay Family) Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; SE Asia & northern South America Trees, shrubs, vines. Diversity: 2,200 species, 45 genera Flowers: concave receptacle that often enlarges in fruit; anthers dehiscing via pores with flaps; sticky pollen; pollen without apertures; carpel 1; embryo large, endosperm lacking. Significant features: ethereal oils Special uses: cinnamon (Cinnamomum) and bay (Laurus nobilis) used as spices; avocado (Persea) Family not required

27. Sassafras albidum

28. Lauraceae Cinnamomum cinnamon Enlarged receptacle under the drupe! Sassafras albidum sassafras

29. Lauraceae Economic plants and products: Cinnamomum zeylandicum True cinnamon

30. Bird dispersal and ecological role of Lauraceae

31. Magnoliids—Piperales: Piperaceae Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Primarily herbs; sometimes epiphytic; small trees Diversity: 3,600 species, 5 genera Flowers: minute, densely packed in a thick spike or spadix; no perianth (!); carpels 1-4, connate, with 1 ovule per gynoecium, basal placentation; fruit usually a drupe. Significant features: stem with bundles in >1 ring or + scattered Special uses: Piper nigrum (black pepper); Piper betle (betel pepper), ornamentals (Peperomia) Family not required

32. Peperomia

33. Peperomia leaves

34. Piper nigrum – Black pepper

35. Magnoliids—Piperales: Aristolochiaceae (Dutchman’s Pipe or Birthwort Family) Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; absent in Australia. Lianas or herbs, occasionally shrubs Diversity: ca. 460 species, 7 genera Flowers: Highly modified, showy, fused sepals, radial or bilateral, tubular, and S-shaped or pipe shaped calyx tube; corolla usually lacking or vestigial; ovary inferior or half-inferior, of 3-6 connate carpels; ovules numerous; filaments more or less adnate to style. Significant features: “dead meat” carrion coloration attracts insects, usually flies. Trap-flowers. Special uses: ornamentals; some medicinal uses. Family not required

36. Asarum (wild ginger) -stemless perennial with aromatic rhizomes -flowers actinomorphic -filament tips extending beyond the anthers -ovary inferior -fruit a fleshy capsule, seeds large

37. Characters of Aristolochia Tropical or warm temperate regions Perennial herbs or shrubs, twining or climbing or sometimes upright Calyx tubular, greenish or purplish Anthers sessile, strongly adnate to the short and fleshy style “trap” flowers

38. On to the monocots…...clearly monophyletic…superbly apomorphic! ! !