1. Fundamentals of Variance Analysis Chapter 16 Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin

2. Using Budgets for Performance Evaluation L.O. 1 Use budgets for performance evaluation. Operating budgets: Budgeted income statement, production budget, budgeted cost of goods sold, and supporting budgets Financial budgets: Budgets of financial resources; for example, the cash budget and the budgeted balance sheet Variance: Difference between planned result and actual outcome 16 - 2

3. Profit Variance LO1 Bayou Division Budget and Actual Results August Sales (units) Sales revenue Less: Variable costs Variable mfg. costs Variable selling and administrative Total variable costs Contribution margin Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead Fixed selling and administrative costs Total fixed costs Profit 80,000 $840,000 329,680 68,000 $397,680 $442,320 195,500 132,320 $327,820 $114,500 20,000 U $160,000 U 50,320 F 22,000 F $ 72,320 F $ 87,680 U 4,500 F 7,680 F $ 12,180 F $ 75,500 U 100,000 a $1,000,000 380,000 b 90,000 c $ 470,000 $ 530,000 200,000 140,000 $ 340,000 $ 190,000 ActualVariance Master Budget a $10.00 per unit b $3.80 per unit c $0.90 per unit 16 - 3

4. Flexible Budgeting L.O. 2 Develop and use flexible budgets. Static budget: Budget for a single activity level; usually the master budget Flexible budget: Budget that indicates revenues, costs, and profits for different levels of activity 16 - 4

5. Sales Activity Variance L.O. 3 Compute and interpret the sales activity variance. Sales activity variance: The difference between operating profit in the master budget and operating profit in the flexible budget that arises because the actual number of units sold is different from the budgeted number 16 - 5

6. Profit Variance Analysis L.O. 4 Prepare and use a profit variance analysis. Profit variance analysis: Analysis of the causes of differences between budgeted profits and the actual profits earned Sales price variance Fixed production cost variances Variable production cost variances Marketing and administrative cost variances 16 - 6

7. Profit Variance Analysis Sales (units) Sales revenue Less: Variable costs Variable manufacturing costs a Variable selling and administrative Contribution margin Fixed costs: Fixed manufacturing overhead Fixed selling and administrative costs Profit $25,680 U $25.680 U 4,500 F $21,180 U Mfg. Variances $ 4,000 F 7,680 F $11,680 F Marketing and Admin. VariancesActual 80,000 $840,000 329,680 68,000 $442,320 195,500 132,320 $114,500 $40,000 F $40,000 F $40,000 F Sales Price Variance 80,000 $800,000 304,000 72,000 $424,000 200,000 140,000 $ 84,000 Flexible Budget $200,000 U 76,000 F 18,000 F $106,000 U -0- $106,000 U Sales Activity Variance 100,000 $1,000,000 380,000 90,000 $ 530,000 200,000 140,000 $ 190,000 Master Budget Bayou Division Profit Variance Analysis August Total variance from flexible budget = $30,500 F Total variance from master budget = $75,500 U LO4 a The $25,680 manufacturing variance is explained in detail in L.O. 5. 16 - 7

8. Variable Production Costs LO4 Standard cost sheet: A form providing the standard quantities of each input required to produce a unit of output and the standard price for each input. Direct material Direct labor Variable overhead Total variable manufacturing costs 4 pounds 0.05 hours $0.55 per pound $20 per hour $12 per hour $2.20 1.00 0.60 $3.80 Standard Quantity of Input per Unit of Output Standard Input Price or Rate per Unit of Input Standard Cost per Unit of Output (frame) Bayou Division Standard Cost Sheet – Variable Manufacturing Costs August 16 - 8

9. Variable Cost Variance Analysis L.O. 5 Compute and use variable cost variances. (1) Actual (AP × AQ) (2) Actual Inputs at Standard Prices (SP × AQ) (3) Flexible Production Budget (SP × SQ) Total variance (1) – (3) Actual input price (AP) times actual quantity (AQ) of input Standard input price (SP) times actual quantity (AQ) of input Standard input price (SP) times standard quantity (SQ) of input allowed for actual good output Price variance (1) – (2) Efficiency variance (2) – (3) 16 - 9

10. Direct Materials Variance LO5 (1) Actual (2) Actual Inputs at Standard Prices (3) Flexible Production Budget Actual materials price (AP = $0.60) × Actual quantity (AQ = 328,000 pounds) of direct materials Standard materials price (SP = $0.55) × Actual quantity (AQ = 328,000 pounds) of direct materials Standard materials price (SP = $0.55) × Standard quantity (SQ = 320,000 pounds) of direct materials allowed for actual output AP × AQ = $196,800SP × AQ = $180,400SP × SQ = $176,000 Total variance = $16,400 + $4,400 = $20,800 U Price variance $196,800 – $180,400 = $16,400 U Efficiency variance $180,400 – $176,000 = $4,400 U 16 - 10

11. Direct Labor Variance LO5 (1) Actual (2) Actual Inputs at Standard Prices (3) Flexible Production Budget Actual labor price (AP = $18) × Actual quantity (AQ = 4,400 hours) of direct labor Standard labor price (SP = $20) × Actual quantity (AQ = 4,400 hours) of direct labor Standard labor price (SP = $20) × Standard quantity (SQ = 4,000 hours) of direct labor allowed for actual output AP × AQ = $79,200SP × AQ = $88,000SP × SQ = $80,000 Total variance = $8,800 – $8,000 = $800 F Price variance $79,200 – $88,000 = $8,800 F Efficiency variance $88,000 – $80,000 = $8,000 U 16 - 11

12. Variable Overhead Variance LO5 (1) Actual (2) Actual Inputs at Standard Prices (3) Flexible Production Budget Sum of actual variable manufacturing overhead costs Standard variable overhead price (SP = $12) × Actual quantity (AQ = 4,400 hours) of the overhead base Standard variable overhead price (SP = $12) × Standard quantity (SQ = 4,000 hours) of the overhead base allowed for actual output produced AP × AQ = $53,680SP × AQ = $52,800SP × SQ = $48,000 Total variance = $880 + $4,800 = $5,680 U Price variance $53,680– $52,800 = $880 U Efficiency variance $52,800– $48,000 = $4,800 U 16 - 12

13. Variable Manufacturing Cost Variance Summary LO5 Direct materials Direct labor Variable overhead Total variable manufacturing cost variance $16,400 U $ 8,800 F $ 880 U $4,400 U $8,000 U $4,800 U $20,800 U $ 800 F $ 5,680 U $25,680 U PriceEfficiencyTotal 16 - 13

14. Fixed Cost Variances L.O. 6 Compute and use fixed cost variances. Spending (or budget) variance Price variance for fixed overhead The difference between budgeted and actual fixed overhead $195,500 actual – $200,000 budget = $4,500 F 16 - 14

15. Fixed Cost Variances LO6 The difference between budgeted and applied fixed overhead Variance that arises because the volume used to apply fixed overhead differs from the estimated volume used to estimate fixed cost per unit. $200,000 budget – $160,000 applied = $40,000 U $200,000 budget ÷ 100,000 budgeted units = $2 per unit 80,000 units × $2 per unit = $160,000 applied 16 - 15

16. Appendix: Recording Costs in a Standard Cost System L.O. 7 (Appendix) Understand how to record costs in a standard costing system. Work-in-process inventory is debited when direct materials and direct labor are used at standard. Work-in-process inventory is debited when manufacturing overhead is applied at standard. When the units are finished, work-in-process inventory is credited and finished goods inventory is debited. Variances are usually closed to cost of goods sold. 16 - 16

17. End of Chapter 16 Copyright © 2011 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin