1. Immune System THE WONDERFUL AND EXCITING QUESTIONS WE ARE GOING TO REVIEW ARE … 6.3.1, 6.3.4, 6.3.5, 6.3.6 AND 11.1.1, 11.1.2, 11.1.3, 11.1.4 Shanti Pieniak

2. What is a pathogen?!

3. 6.3. 1 Pathogen: Any living organism or virus that is capable of causing a disease.

4. Outline how phagocytic leukocytes ingest pathogens in the blood and body tissue. Weeeell… Lets start off with what a phagocytic leukocyte is. Phagocytic leucocyte = 6.3.4

5. IB Says ---- Phagocytes are found in the blood and ingest pathogens. They do so by recognizing pathogens and engulfing them by endocytosis. Enzymes within the phagocytes called lysosomes then digest the pathogens. Phagocytes can ingest pathogens in the blood but also within body tissue as they can pass through the pores of capillaries and into these tissues. Summary

6. True or False 1. Any living organism or virus that is capable of causing a disease is a antibody. 2. Phagocytes are found in the blood, egest pathogens using exocytosis, and contain lysosomes. 3. Phagocytes can pass through pores of capillaries into body tissue.

7. 6.3. 5 Distinguish between antigens and antibodies.

8. Antigen:

9. Antibody:

10. Which is true about an antigen? A. A ‘self’ molecule B. Pathogen recognizes it as ‘non-self’ C. Used to destroy foreign molecules D. Located on pathogens outer surface

11. 6.3.6 Explain antibody production.

12. IB Says ---- Lymphocytes are a type of leukocyte which make antibodies. Each lymphocyte makes only one specific antibody. A large amount of different lymphocytes are needed so that the body can produce different types of antibodies. The antibodies are found on the surface of the plasma membrane of these lymphocytes with the antigen-combining site projecting outwards. Pathogens have antigens on their surface which bind to the antigen-combining site of the antibodies of a specific lymphocyte. When this happens the lymphocyte becomes active and starts to make clones of itself by dividing by mitosis. These clones then start to make more of this specific antibody needed to defend the body against the pathogen.

13. SUMMARYSUMMARY

14. Review FLASH CARDS

15. Time for a Little Quiz! Little Quiz

16. On to the next one… Whoop deeee doooo!!!! Chapter

17. 11.1.1 Describe the process of blood clotting.

18. Clotting is a mechanism that prevents the loss of blood from broken vessels Damaged cells and platelets release chemical signals called ____________ -- 2 Clotting proteins (plasma proteins) __________ and _____________ ---- Both are always present in the blood, but remain inactive until “called upon”

19. Clotting (haemostasis) is a mechanism Clotting factors also cause platelets to become sticky, which then adhere to the damaged region to form a solid plug called ________ This prevents _______and prevents entry of __________ ______

20. Name two things blood clotting prevents.

21. 11.1.2 Outline the principle of challenge and response, clonal selection, and memory cells as the basis of immunity.

22. Challenge and response  Challenged by foreign invaders response is both __________ and _________ immune reactions.  Invaders (pathogens) do not have ‘self’ markers  _____________ present foreign antigens to lymphocytes as ‘non-self’  Lymphocytes respond with __________ to destroy the foreign invader

23. What is Challenge and response? Devon?

24. Clonal Selection Remember that every antibody is specific to one antigen… Yeah? Only the ______with the appropriate _________ will become activated and clone Many will become ___________ Because pathogens may contain several antigenic determinants, several B cell clones may become activated this is known as polyclonal activation

25. Clonal selection and Memory cells

26. Memory Cells Remember this graph?

27. True or False 1. Memory cells are long term but do not stay in the bloodstream. 2. Clonal selection is cloning of lymphocytes that are specific to the particular pathogen with a specific antigen 3. Challenge and response is the immune system in challenged by an antigen in order to develop a response (that ones really difficult).

28. 11.1.3 Define active and passive immunity

29. Active immunity Immunity due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself after the body's defense mechanisms are stimulated by antigens Translation : always leads to production of memory cells

30. Passive immunity Immunity due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated Translation: Comes from your mothers placenta or a blood transfusion, but comes from another person.

31. 11.1.4 Explain antibody production

33. Animation Antibody production

34. Practice Questions A blood clot forms around a fibrous network of protein. What is the protein? A.Fibrinogen B.Fibrin C.Thrombin D.Thrombokinase (Total 1 mark)

35. Which of the following statements about antibodies is correct? A.Antibodies are polypeptides. B.Antibodies are produced by the bone marrow. C.Antibodies are pathogenic foreign substances. D.Antibodies kill bacteria but not viruses. (Total 1 mark)

36. ◦A. vaccination ◦B. Clonal selection ◦C. Clotting ◦D. immunity Which process used to produce the correct antibody is shown in the image? (1 point)