1. Welcome to Biology 211 Human Anatomy & Physiology I
A tour through the Visible Human (National Library of Medicine)…
Outgrowth of the NLM’s 1986 long-range plan – creation of complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of the normal male and female human bodies. Done using transverse CT, MR, and cryosection images of representative male and female cadavers. (Male sectioned at 1 mm intervals, female at 0.3 mm intervals) Long-term goal it to produce a system of knowledge structures that will transparently link visual knowledge forms of symbolic knowledge formats such as names of body parts.
Please fill in any one of the sign-in sheets on the front desk!

2. General Information Who am I? Greg Erianne, Ph.D.
Office Hours; See Syllabus, Rm. E-419
NVCC:
Home:
Tel; (voice mail)
Please be sure you have filled out the sign-in sheet!

3. Visual Anatomy & Physiology First Edition Martini & Ober
Chapter 1
An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
Lecture 1
Slides 1-15; 80 min (with review of syllabus and Web sites) [Lecture 1]
Slides 16 – 38; 50 min [Lecture 2]
118 min (38 slides plus review of course Web sites and syllabus)

4. Overview of Today’s Lecture
Course and Publisher Web site
Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book
Course Objectives and Syllabus Review
Blueprint for success
Organization of the Human Body
Characteristics of Life
Homeostasis
Anatomical Terminology

5. Course Web Site Our Web sites for this class are located at:
(Main)
Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!)
Syllabus and all lecture/lab schedules
Lecture and Lab slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats)
Supplementary online materials for Lecture and Lab
Lecture and Lab Exam Study Guides
Links to many other sites including McGraw Hill Publisher’s Web site
Extra credit assignments
(BB Vista; Secondary)
You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB) Vista site
This BB Vista site will be used ONLY be for self tests and grades

6. Outline of Course/Requirements
Course Description
Lecture / discussion format
Lectures will follow Martini’s Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 1st edition closely
Figures used for class
Laboratory
Wood’s Laboratory Manual, 4th edition
Reading assignments should be done BEFORE you come to class/lab

7. Major objectives of this course
In general, you will…
Master the objectives listed in the Study Guides
Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical terminology
Further develop your ability to think logically and critically
Let’s review the syllabus and handouts…

8. Blueprint for Success Most importantly…
**See Suggestions for Studying (handed out)
Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes
Take notes in your own words and become mentally involved during lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture
Ask questions if you don’t understand
Continually review previously learned material
Use all the study aids available to you
Why the Visual Anatomy & Physiology textbook and how is it different? How can it help you succeed? What if you don’t like the format? *

9. Overview of Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
- Gross anatomy – macroscopic (types?)
- Cytology (microanatomy) – cells
- Histology (microanatomy) – tissues
Physiology – study of function
- Specialized, e.g., neuro-, cellular-, patho Comparative physiology
Structure is always related to function; if structure changes, function changes
What’s this red stuff all about, anyway?

10. How Structure Determines Function
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

11. Levels of Organization
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

12. Important Definitions of Organizational Terms
Cell – The basic unit of biological structure and function (what is a ‘basic unit’ of something?)
Tissues – A group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions
Organs – Two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions
Organ System – Interaction of organs functioning closely together

13. General Function of Organ Systems
A&P I
A&P II

14. Organ Systems – Integument and Skeletal
Be able to identify the organ systems of the human body and their major components; describe the major functions of each organ system (See Table 1.2 in Hole)
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

15. Organ Systems – Muscular and Nervous
Rapidly-acting, short-term control
(Skeletal muscle shown)
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

16. Organ Systems – Endocrine and Cardiovascular
Slower-acting, longer-term control (compared to nervous system)
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

17. Organ Systems – Lymphatic and Respiratory
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

18. Organ Systems – Digestive and Urinary
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

19. Organ Systems – Reproductive
Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

20. **Absence of homeostasis = DISEASE
A CRITICAL (and very testable) concept in physiology
Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment
**Absence of homeostasis = DISEASE
Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes
Receptors - provide information about environment
Control center - tells what a particular value should be
Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment

21. Homeostasis
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010
Major goal of homeostasis is to keep this consistent
(Interstitial fluid)
The 70 trillion cells in our bodies surround themselves with their own environment. This is the environment that must remain stable despite changes outside.

22. Homeostasis
Negative feedback – deviation from set point progressively lessens
Positive feedback – deviation from set point gets progressively greater
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

23. Homeostasis Remember that homeostasis does NOT mean constant!
Continual variations occur in body systems
Gives rise to ‘normal ranges’ (See Appendix B)
Examples of negative feedback
Temperature regulation, blood pressure, blood glucose levels
Examples of positive feedback
Blood clotting, milk production, uterine contraction

24. Homeostatic Mechanisms
Notice that this occurs in a ONE-WAY circuit.
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

25. Homeostatic Mechanisms (cont’d)
Notice that this occurs in a ONE-WAY circuit.
Know the normal temperature of the body
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

26. Body Cavities Know the names and positions of the body cavities
(Posterior)
Know the names and positions of the body cavities
(Anterior)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

27. Body Cavities (cont’d)
Axial
Know the terms on this slide
Appendicular
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

28. Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum
Serous fluid – thin, watery, slippery fluid typically separating serous membranes

29. Serous Membranes
Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram; (What system is each organ a part of?)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

30. Serous Membranes
Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram (What system is each organ a part of?)
Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

31. Anatomical Terminology
Know these terms
Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

32. Body Sections
Know this

33. Anatomical Subdivisions
Used most in clinical situations
Used most in surgical/anatomical study situations

34. Body Regions
Know the terms on this slide and their locations on the body
Fig 2.3 in Lab Manual

35. Review Anatomy = structure; physiology = function
Structure determines function
The human body (multicellular organisms) can be organized in increasing levels of complexity
Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
The eleven organ systems of the body function to maintain homeostasis

36. Review
Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable (NOT CONSTANT!) internal environment
Requires: receptor(s), control center, and effector(s)
Typically uses a negative feedback mechanism
The body contains cavities that house our organs
Dorsal (posterior) cavity
Ventral (anterior) cavity
Body cavities are lined by serous membranes
Visceral
Parietal *