1. Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology and Tissues & Glands Chapters 1 & 5

2. What’s in a Name?  anatomy – study of structures of the body and their relationship to one another  physiology – study of the function(s) of the body’s structures

3. Levels of Organization  review from biology – see p. 4 of book  atoms/molecules  cells  tissues  organs  organ systems  organisms

4. Homeostasis  word = “unchanging”  is actually a dynamic state that fluctuates within a narrow range to maintain balance  a negative feedback mechanism can help by shutting off or reducing intensity of a stimulus  works like a thermostat  ex: body temp, heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate, hormone levels, etc.

5. ex: blood glucose levels

6. Opposite of Neg Feedback =  positive feedback – when stimulus intensifies in the same direction  ex: blood clotting and labor contractions

7. Anatomical Position

8. Basic Organization of the Human Body  Axial – head, neck, trunk  Appendicular – everything else

9. Relative Positions  superior vs. inferior  anterior (ventral) vs. posterior (dorsal)  medial vs. lateral  proximal vs. distal  superficial vs. deep  Intermediate  See p.14

10. Body Planes

11. Body Cavities  Dorsal Body Cavities  Cranial cavity – holds brain  Vertebral cavity – contains spinal cord

12. Body Cavities  Ventral Body Cavities  Thoracic cavity –houses lungs & heart  Abdominopelvic cavity – abdominal cavity contains stomach, intestines, spleen & liver – pelvic cavity contains bladder, some repro. organs & rectum *not physically separated from one another

13. Tissues, Glands and Membranes  Chapter 5

14. histology – the study of tissues tissue – group of cells that are similar in structure and perform a common function four types: epithelial (covering) connective (support) muscle (movement) nervous (control) most organs contain all 4 types

15.  Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium)  sheets of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity  two forms: covering and lining epithelium  - ex: skin, lining of stomach glandular epithelium – glands; cells specialized to produce and secrete substances  - ex: sweat glands & pituitary gland

16. Special characteristics of covering and lining epithelia: closely packed cells polarity → have a free apical surface and an attached basal surface supported by connective tissue contain nerves but not blood vessels regenerate frequently

17. Naming – each epithelium is given 2 names 1 st name = # layers of cells simple → one layer stratified → 2 or more layers pseudostratified → one layer that looks like many transitional → different shaped cells that change shape when stretched

18. 2 nd name = shape of cells at apical surface squamous – flattened and scale-like cuboidal – boxlike columnar – tall and column shaped

19. Glandular Epithelia gland – one or more cells that secrete a product secretion – the process of making a substance to be released; the physical release from the cell ex: the skin secretes sweat ex: sweat is a liquid secretion of sweat glands

20.  1. Endocrine glands ductless (tubeless) produce hormones that are released directly into extracellular space (blood or other fluid) we will cover more later in year 2. Exocrine Glands (2 types) more numerous than endocrine glands secrete product through duct and/or onto an epithelial surface

21.  Unicellular Exocrine Glands  Scattered among cells with other functions  Produce mucin – a complex glycoprotein that dissolves in water when secreted → mucus  Ex: goblet cells in respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts

22.  Multicellular Exocrine Glands composed of duct (tube) and secretory unit

23.  Connective Tissue  found everywhere in the body, but distribution varies  main subclasses: connective tissue proper cartilage bone blood

24. composition = CT cells, fibers and fluids containing proteins general functions: binding and support insulation protection transportation

25. connective tissue cells 1.“blast” cells fibroblasts – star-shaped cells that produce CT liquid and fibers most common cell chondroblasts – produce cartilage osteoblasts – produce bone hemocytoblasts – produce blood cells

26.  2. macrophages – phagocytize foreign materials and dead tissue cells

27. 3. mast cells – detect foreign substances and release the following:  heparin – anticoagulant (prevents blood clots)  histamine – released during inflammatory reactions and makes capillaries leak

28.  Cartilage qualities between dense connective tissue and bone → tough, but flexible avascular and not innervated

29. Types:  1. Hyaline cartilage (gristle):  covers ends of long bones  supports tip of nose  forms most of larynx, supporting cartilage in trachea and bronchial tubes  makes up embryonic skeleton &growth plates in children

30. 2. Elastic cartilage: found where strength and exceptional stretchability are needed ears and epiglottis

31. 3. Fibrocartilage: serve as shock absorbers, are compressible – resists tension well found in intervertebral discs and spongy cartilage of knee

32.  Bone (osseous tissue) rock-like hardness that supports and protects hard because matrix has more collagen fibers and inorganic calcium salts very well vascularized

33.  Blood most atypical connective tissue transport gases, nutrients, wastes & hormones around the body help regulate body temp

34.  Muscle Tissue (3 types) 1. Skeletal Muscle multinucleated and striated voluntary control makes up 40% body connect to bones via tendons

35.  2. Cardiac Muscle uninucleate and striated involuntary control cells branched and fit together at intercalated discs

36.  3. Smooth Muscle uninucleate and unstriated found in walls of hollow organs that contract and blood vessels

37.  Nervous Tissue composed of neurons and supporting neuroglial cells located in brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves