1. A clause is a group of words with a
subject and a verb.
An independent (or main) clause expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself in a sentence.
A subordinate (or dependent) clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone.

2. Adjective, Adverb, and Noun Clauses
Identifying
Writing
Combining

3. Adverb Clauses Pretest
Adverb Clauses modify _______, _______, and ________.

4. Adverb Clauses Pretest
Adverb Clauses modify _______, _______, and ________.
Adverb Clauses are introduced by _________ ________.

5. Adverb Clauses Pretest
Adverb Clauses modify _______, _______, and ________.
Adverb Clauses are introduced by _________ ________.
T/F : The words and and but are two examples of these signal words.

6. Adverb Clauses Pretest
Adverb Clauses modify _______, _______, and ________.
Adverb Clauses are introduced by _________ ________.
T/F : The words and and but are two examples of these signal words.
A comma always follows an Adverb Clause when it is placed at the ________ of the sentence.

7. Adverb Clauses Pretest
Adverb Clauses modify _verbs_, _adjectives___, and _other adverbs___.

8. Adverb Clauses Pretest
2. Adverb Clauses are introduced by __subordinating__ _conjunctions_.

9. Adverb Clauses Pretest
3. T/F : The words and and but are two examples of these signal words. F

10. Adverb Clauses Pretest
4. A comma always follows an Adverb Clause when it is placed at the __beginning__ of the sentence.

11. How did you do?
Let’s learn more about adverb clauses.

12. Create a T-chart on both sides of your paper
Create a T-chart on both sides of your paper. Label the front chart as follows:
Independent (Main)
Dependent (Subordinate)

13. Label the chart on back as follows:
Adjective Clause
Adverb Clause

14. Comparing Clauses Dependent (Subordinate) Independent (Main)
Has a subject
Independent (Main)
Has a subject

15. Comparing Clauses Dependent (Subordinate) Independent (Main)
Has a subject
Has a verb
Independent (Main)
Has a subject
Has a verb

16. Comparing Clauses Dependent (Subordinate) Independent (Main)
Has a subject
Has a verb
Begins with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction (signal word) that prevents it from expressing a complete thought
Independent (Main)
Has a subject
Has a verb
Expresses a complete thought

17. Comparing Clauses Independent (Main) Dependent (Subordinate)
Has a subject
Has a verb
Expresses a complete thought
Can be a sentence by itself
Dependent (Subordinate)
Has a subject
Has a verb
Begins with a relative pronoun or subordinating conjunction (signal word) that prevents it from expressing a complete thought
Must be attached to an Independent Clause to make a sentence

18. Comparing Dependent Clauses
Adjective Clause
Modifies noun or pronoun
Adverb Clause
Modifies verb, adjective, or adverb

19. Comparing Dependent Clauses
Adjective Clause
Modifies noun or pronoun
Answers Which one? or What kind?
Adverb Clause
Modifies verb, adjective, or adverb
Answers Where? When? In what way? To what extent? Under what conditions? Or Why?

20. Comparing Dependent Clauses
Adjective Clause
Modifies noun or pronoun
Answers Which one? or What kind?
Begins with relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, or that) or certain subordinating conjunctions (when, where, or since)
Adverb Clause
Modifies verb, adjective, or adverb
Answers Where? When? In what way? To what extent? Under what conditions? Or Why?
Begins with a subordinating conjunction (examples: after, although, as if, because, even though, since, so that, unless, until, when, whenever, where, while)

21. A complex sentence is made up of an independent clause and a dependent clause.

22. Example:
The television was playing (independent clause which can stand alone and make sense) as I left the room (dependent clause which must be attached to the independent clause to make sense).

23. SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Words such as whom, because, what, if and until signal that the clauses that follow them are subordinate.
Subordinate clauses do not express complete thoughts and cannot stand alone.
whom he asked
because he answered
what he had heard

24. EXAMPLES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
The Officer whom he asked for directions was very kind.
Because he answered so politely, the man called to compliment the officer.
The Chief of Police was pleased by what he had heard.

25. USES OF SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
Subordinate clauses can be used as adjectives, adverbs, or nouns.

26. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Adjective clauses function just as adjectives do.
Modify nouns
Modify pronouns

27. Adjective clauses are often introduced by relative pronouns.
This is the class that I like the best. (Essential clause)
My classes, which meet in Room 209, are all freshman classes. (Nonessential clause)
They are the ones whom I prefer to teach.

28. RELATIVE PRONOUNS whom who whose which that
These words relate an adjective clause to the word that the clause modifies.
They introduce an adjective clause and relating it to another word in the sentence.

29. EXAMPLES OF USES OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS
John, who enjoys reading, won a membership to the Book of the Month club. (The relative pronoun who relates the adjective clause to John. Who is used as the subject of the adjective clause.)

30. Note
In many cases, the relative pronoun in the clause may be omitted. The pronoun is understood and still has a function in the clause.
Here is the salad you ordered. [The relative pronoun that is understood. The pronoun relates the adjective clause to salad and is used as the direct object in the adjective clause.]

31. The Adverb’s Job Adverbs tell when where why how
to what extent or degree
under what conditions

32. The Adverb Clause
An adverb clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb.
After I proofread my paper, I typed it. [The adverb clause After I proofread my paper tells when I typed it.]

33. Adverb Clause Continued
Because manicotti takes so long to prepare, Joy makes it only on special occasions. [Because manicotti takes so long to prepare tells why Joy makes it only on special occasions.]
You and your brother may come with us if you want to. [under what condition]

34. Adverb Clause Continued
Like adverbs, adverb clauses may also modify adjectives or adverbs.
His pitching arm is stronger today than it ever was. [stronger (adj.) to what extent the arm is stronger]
My cousin Adele reads faster than I do. [faster (adv.) how much faster my cousin Adele reads]

35. Subordinating Conjunctions
After, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before, even though, if, in order that, once, since, so that, than, though, unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever, whether, while
These words introduce subordinate clauses.

36. 1. You clean the bathroom while I clean the carpet.
Write the adverb clauses from the following sentences and the word they modify.
1. You clean the bathroom while I clean the carpet.
2. Ann was confident that she would play the best.
3. Bring in the toys before they get destroyed.
4. I stood on the box so that I could see the top of the shelf.
5. Your face becomes red when you are angry.

37. Answers 1. while I clean the carpet modifies the verb clean
2. that she would play the best modifies the predicate adjective confident
3. before they get destroyed modifies the verb bring
4. so that I could see the top of the shelf modifies the verb stood
5. when you are angry modifies the verb becomes

38. Sometimes the adverb clause is placed at the beginning of the sentence.
When it introduces the sentence, it is always set off with a comma.

39. Example:
Before the game had ended, they arrived.

40. 1. When you came from the garage, did you see the mower there?
Write the adverb clauses in the following sentences and the word they modify.
1. When you came from the garage, did you see the mower there?
2. Because the field was muddy, the game had to be cancelled.
3. Although you should return to class, just wait here for me.
4. As I sat motionless, the two squirrels came closer and closer.
5. Since I can spare only a few minutes, please be brief with your presentation.

41. Answers 1. When you came from the garage modifies the verb did see
2. Because the field was muddy modifies the verbal to be cancelled
3. Although you should return to class modifies the verb wait
4. As I sat motionless modifies the verb came
5. Since I can spare only a few minutes modifies the predicate adjective brief

42. 1. I am hungrier than I thought.
2. We left before the game was over.
3. Lee is older than Bill.
4. While I waited for the phone call, I read a book.
5. If you don't believe me, ask my wife.
6. Are you upset because I didn't call?
7. The alarm rang while I was in the shower.
8. Open the window so that we can have fresh air.
9. Paul will take you home when you are ready.
10. You shouldn't say those things unless you are certain about their validity.
Find the adverb clauses in the following sentences and the words they modify.

43. Answers 1. than I thought modifies the predicate adjective hungrier
2. before the game was over modifies the verb left
3. than Bill (is old) modifies the predicate adjective older
4. While I waited for the phone call modifies the verb read
5. If you don't believe me modifies the verb ask
6. because I didn't call modifies the predicate adjective upset
7. while I was in the shower modifies the verb rang
8. so that we can have fresh air modifies the verb open
9. when you are ready modifies the verb will take
10. unless you are certain about their validity modifies the verb should say

44. 1. We watched the robins. They raised their young in our apple tree.
Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the end of the sentence.
1. We watched the robins. They raised their young in our apple tree.
2. Becky read the book. It was recommended by a friend.
3. Dad donates his suits to charity. He has worn them a year.
4. The policemen delayed the drivers. The wrecks were cleared.
5. Ann ate an apple. She studied her vocabulary.

45. Answers
Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to combine adverb clauses with independent clauses. These answers show only one possibility.
1. We watched the robins while they raised their young in our apple tree.
2. Becky read the book since it was recommended by a friend.
3. Dad donates his suits to charity after he has worn them a year.
4. The policemen delayed the drivers until the wrecks were cleared.
5. Ann ate an apple as she studied her vocabulary.

46. 1. Frank started medical training. He drove a forklift for a living.
Combine the following sentences using adverb clauses at the beginning of the sentence.
1. Frank started medical training. He drove a forklift for a living.
2. The rains had started the mud slides. The homes were not safe to live in.
3. Older people love to sit in the park. They feed the birds and visit.
4. I enjoyed camping out. I was much younger.
5. Joe recognized the man. The man had stopped his car to help.

47. Answers
Several different subordinate conjunctions can be used to combine adverb clauses with independent clauses, but I will only show one possibility.
1. Before Frank started medical training, he drove a forklift for a living.
2. Because the rains had started the mud slides, the homes were not safe to live in.
3. While they feed the birds and visit, older people love to sit in the park.
4. When I was much younger, I enjoyed camping out.
5. After the man had stopped his car to help, Joe recognized him.

48. 1. You seem very happy when you help other people.
SELF QUIZ: Write the adverb clauses in these sentences and tell what word they modify.
1. You seem very happy when you help other people.
2. While you wait, we will detail your car.
3. That horse is more obstinate than a mule.
4. As the lions approached the carcass, the cheetahs retreated once more.
5. While eating, I choked on a bone.

49. Quiz Answers
1. when you help other people modifies the predicate adjective happy
2. While you wait modifies the verb will detail
3. than a mule (is obstinate) modifies the predicate adjective more obstinate
4. As the lions approached the carcass modifies the verb retreated
5. While (I was) eating modifies the verb choked