1. Water Filtration Rebecca Whalen

2. Background Information Water sources: Ground, Surface Water quality: influenced by pollution Forms of pollution: bacteria, viruses, inorganic substances, oxygen demanding material

3. Background Information – Forms of Impurities: Suspended – Solids that are large enough to settle out of solution or be removed by filtration Colloidal – Solids that are in the size range between dissolved and suspended – removed by “small-pore” membrane filters – Concentration is measured by turbidity – ability of solution to absorb light Dissolved – Impurities that are homogenously dispersed and in liquid state – Removal Methods: Distillation, Precipitation, Adsorption

4. Treatment systems: classification Simple disinfection plant, filter plant, softening plant Several methods for water treatment Physical (Sedimentation, Screening, Filration, Skimming) Chemical (Chlorination, Coagulation, Ion Exchange) Biological (Activated Sludge, Lagoons, Septic Tanks) Treatment Works

5. Scope of Presentation Surface water remediation Describe typical water filtration system – St. Louis River environmental remediation project Removal of oil & Suspended/Colloidal/Dissolved solids

6. The Story “About 255 acres of shoreland and water at Stryker Bay and nearby Slips 6 and 7 were polluted from the late 1800s through 1962. The waterfront in that area was ringed with tar and coke plants, heavy industry and even a horse slaughterhouse. All of the industries discharged waste into the water, and now sediments in the bays and the nearby channels are heavily contaminated with toxins such as mercury and polyaromatic hydrocarbons. The site was added to the federal Superfund cleanup list in 1983. XIK Corp., formerly Interlake Corp., has taken the lead role among companies held responsible for the pollution.” Source: Myers, John. "Cleanup Deal Struck for Stryker Bay". News Tribune May 7, 2004:

7. Water Filtration Plant

8. The Filtering Process – Flocculation – Sedimentation – Filters Sand Filters Organoclay Filters 10 micron Bag Filters Carbon Filters 1 micron Bag Filters

9. Flocculation – Rapid Mixing Coagulant Chemical – Particle collisions Polymer Chemical – Enlarges Floc Source:

10. Sedimentation – Settling of solids by gravity Clarifier Tank – Variables: Velocity of particles Length of clarifier tank Source:

11. Filtration – Sand Filters – Organoclay Filters Removes oil – 10 micron Bag Filters Pressurized – Carbon Filters Adsorption Removes organic chemicals – 1 micron Bag Filters Pressurized

12. End Product