1. Summary Leads

2. Hard news stories typically use a summary lead This is a “no nonsense” lead Just the facts…and fast! Uses an “inverted pyramid” to tell the story

3. Inverted Pyramid An inverted pyramid lead places the essential information upfront This is the opposite of a traditional “storytelling” approach where one slowly builds the storyline

4. Inverted Pyramid Many readers will only scan through a story to get an overview of the topic Less important information appears at the end of the story and is subject to being cut by editors

5. Inverted Pyramid If a story is written in inverted pyramid format, the editor can simply trim the story one paragraph at a time, going from the bottom up, until the story is the right length. The editor can do so confidently, knowing that even though information is being cut from the story, it is being cut in ascending order of importance.

6. Inverted Pyramid Information crucial to the story, the who, what, where, when, why, and sometimes how, known as the Five Ws, should appear in the first three or four sentences.

7. Rules for Writing a Lead Rule #1: A straight news lead should be a single paragraph consisting of a single sentence, should contain no more than 35 words, and should summarize, at minimum, the most newsworthy "what," "where" and "when" of the story.

8. Rule #1 Example "Fire destroyed a house on Main Street early Monday morning." – It summarizes the main "what" of the story, which is that fire destroyed a house. – It also provides the "where" of the story with the phrase "on Main Street." – Finally, it gives the "when" of the story with the phrase "early Monday morning."

9. Rules for Writing a Lead Rule #2: The lead's first verb should express the main "what" of the story and should be placed among the lead's first seven words.

10. Rule #2 Example Example: "Fire destroyed a house on Main Street early Monday morning." – The verb "destroyed" expresses the main "what" of the story. – "Destroyed" is the lead's second word -- a position that puts "destroyed" well in front of "Street," the lead's seventh word. – There are no other verbs in front of "destroyed," so "destroyed" is the lead's first verb. – Following this rule will force you to quickly tell readers what the story is about.

11. Rules for Writing a Lead Rule #3: The lead's first verb -- the same one that expresses the main "what" of the story -- should be active voice, not passive voice.

12. Rule #3 Example A verb is active voice if the verb's subject did, is doing, or will do something. – Example: "Fire destroyed a house on Main Street early Monday morning." – "Destroyed" is the verb. – "Fire" is the verb's subject. – "Fire" did something. It destroyed.

13. Rule #3 Example A verb is passive voice if the verb's subject had, is having, or will have something done to it. – Example: "A house was destroyed by fire on Main Street early Monday morning." – "Was" is the verb. – "House" is the verb's subject. – "House" had something done to it. It "was destroyed."

14. Rules for Writing a Lead Rule #4: If there's a "who" involved in the story, the lead should give some indication of who the "who" is.

15. Rule #4 Example "An elderly Moscow man died Monday when an early morning fire raged through his Main Street home." – The "who" is "an elderly Moscow man." – In this case, the "who" probably isn't someone whose name readers would recognize. – As a result, the "who" angle of the lead focuses on what things about the "who" might make the "who" important to the reader. In this case, it's the fact that the man was older and lived in Moscow. That's called writing a "blind lead." The man's name will be given later in the story.

16. Another Example “Moscow Mayor Joe Smith died Monday when an early morning fire raged through his Main Street home." – Smith is the local mayor, and most readers probably will recognize his name. – As a result, the lead gives his name.

17. Rules for Writing a Lead Rule #5: The lead should summarize the "why" and "how" of the story, but only if there's room. These details will often be described in subsequent paragraphs

18. Rule #5 Example "An elderly Moscow man died early Monday morning when fire sparked by faulty wiring raged through his Main Street home." – "... fire... raged through his Main Street home..." explains why the man died. – "... sparked by faulty wiring..." explains how the blaze began.

19. Rules for Writing a Lead Rule #6: If what's in the lead needs to be attributed, place the attribution at the end of the lead

20. Rule #6 Example "Faulty wiring most likely sparked the blaze that claimed the life of an elderly Moscow man last week, the city's arson investigator concluded Monday." – Attribution is simply a reference indicating the source of some bit of information. – In this case, the attribution is the phrase, "the city's arson investigator concluded Monday."

21. Attribution Use attribution if there are assertions that represent anything other than objective, indisputable information. – Example: The arson investigator's assertion that faulty wiring caused the blaze represents the investigator's opinion. – Therefore, the assertion needs to be attributed to the investigator so readers can decide how credible the assertion is.

22. Writing the Lead How do you know what aspect of your lead is most important? In other words, should you lead with the “who,” “what,” “when,” “where” or “why?” Which of these details most strongly meets the definition of news criteria? In other words, why is the story interesting or relevant?

23. Example A fire erupted If the fire originated at the home of a celebrity, then the WHO becomes significant

24. So what!!! Use the “so what” test to help you write your lead Why should a reader care about the story?

25. Multiple-Element Leads If there are multiple elements that are all equally significant, then you might use a multiple-element lead To pull this off, you will need to construct a clear, simple sentence that captures the highlights of these multiple developments

26. Multiple-Element Leads Example: – “A flash fire that swept through a landmark downtown hotel Saturday killed at least 12 persons, injured 60 more and forced scores of residents to leap from windows and the roof in near-zero cold.” – Note that the verb phrases used within this sentence are parallel (“killed,” “injured” and “forced”)

27. Multiple-Element Leads Use multiple-element leads sparingly Consider breaking the story out into a sidebar Editors will often use graphics and sidebars to visually convey the information

28. In-Class Exercise Go to a news web site (theledger.com, nytimes.com, washingtontimes.com, etc.) Identify the nut graph and lead in four articles by copying and pasting them into a Word doc. Work in groups of 2.