1. Jennifer Velez Kaplan University HW499

2. What is Caffeine? Caffeine is a chemical found it plants that stimulates the central nervous system (CNS), heart, muscles, and the centers that control blood pressure (WebMD).

3. Where is the Caffeine? Cup of brewed coffee = 115 mg 1.5 oz shot of espresso = 11 mg Cup of hot tea/12 oz iced tea = 65 mg/70 mg Red Bull/Monster Energy Drink = 80 mg/120 mg Mountain Dew/Pepsi/Coke = 54 mg/40 mg/45 mg Vivarin/NoDoz = 100-200 mg Excedrin/Anacin = 65 mg/40 mg 1 oz milk chocolate = 6 mg ¼ cup chocolate chips = 15 mg

4. Contraindications The use of caffeine is contraindicated in the following cases: gastric and duodenal ulcer, gastritis, pyrosis (stomach acidity), colitis, nervousness, hypertension, heart dysfunctions, arrhythmia, gout, pregnancy, (retards fetal growth), and breast-feeding (caffeine passes to the mother’s milk)(Pamplona-Roger, 2006).

5. Caffeine Can Cause Elevated blood sugar Increased blood pressure Elevated blood fats (triglycerides) Heightened symptoms of PMS Tremors, irritability, and nervousness Aggravation of anxiety disorders and panic attacks Increased stomach acid secretions Urinary calcium and magnesium losses

6. Caffeine Can Cause Cont. Insomnia Irregular heartbeat Increased stimulation of the central nervous system (it overrules the need for rest) Addiction/Dependency (Diehl & Ludington, 2011)

7. Statistics & Reports Related to Monster, Rockstar and 5-hour Energy Drinks Nov. 16, 2012 -- The FDA has posted adverse-event reports for two more energy drinks: 40 illnesses and five deaths linked to Monster Energy, and 13 illnesses and two lasting disabilities linked to Rockstar Energy. FDA reports linked 92 illnesses and 13 deaths to 5-Hour Energy shots. Deaths due to heart attack or suicide linked to 5-Hour Energy A miscarriage linked to 5-Hour Energy Convulsions, life-threatening fear, deafness, and hemorrhage linked to 5-Hour Energy (DeNoon, 2012)

8. Statistics & Reports Related to Monster, Rockstar and 5-hour Energy Drinks Deaths due to heart attack or loss of consciousness linked to Monster Energy drink Hospitalization due to irregular heartbeat, severe diarrhea, migraine, psychotic disorder, heart attack, and/or vomiting linked to Monster Energy drink Disability from irregular heartbeat or stroke linked to Rockstar Energy drink Hospitalization due to psychotic disorder, increased heart rate, or loss of consciousness linked to Rockstar Energy drink (DeNoon, 2012)

9. Are you Addicted? Do you find yourself craving caffeine in any form on a daily basis? To find out if you are addicted stop all caffeine intake for one week. If you are addicted you will most likely develop withdraw symptoms such as headaches, lack of appetite, and nausea which can last from one to five days (Diehl & Ludington, 2011). Take the Food Addiction Quiz: http://www.caffeineinformer.com/caffeine-addiction- diagnosis

10. Tips to Break the Habit Gradually reduce the amount of caffeine. Replace it with decaffeinated options. Drink more water. Slow down your daily activities. Exercise in the fresh air. Get the support of others around you. Reward yourself for taking such a positive step. (Diehl & Ludington, 2011)

11. References DeNoon, D. (Nov. 16 th, 2012). More deaths, illnesses related to energy drinks. Retrieved on June 10 th, 2014 from http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20121116/more-deaths- illness-energy-drinks http://www.webmd.com/diet/news/20121116/more-deaths- illness-energy-drinks Diehl, H. & Ludington, A. (2011). Health Power: Healthy by choice not by chance. Review and Harold Publishing Association. Hagerstown, MD. Pamplona-Roger, G. (2006). Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. Editorial Safeliz, S. L. Madrid, Spain. WebMD. (n.d.). Caffeine. Retrieved on June 10 th, 2014 from http://www.webmd.com/vitamins- supplements/ingredientmono-979- CAFFEINE.aspx?activeIngredientId=979&activeIngredientName =CAFFEINE