1. Define resilience

2. Resilience Rutter (1990) Resilience can be seen as maintaining adaptive functioning in spite of serious risk factors. Wyman et al. (2000) Resilience can be defined as a child’s achievement of positive developmental outcomes and avoidance of maladaptive outcomes under adverse conditions. Define resilience

3. Approaches to resilience research Focus is on both risk factors in and protective factors.protective factors What is the difference? Example: the early relationships with caregivers as these relationships provide the foundations for developing secure attachments, feelings of self- worth, and regulations of emotions. Define resilience

4. How to examine resilience… The child is seen as part of multiple systems where risk factors and protective factors are included in the overall understanding of development. Focus on how to promote resilience by preventative interventions to help children at risk (e.g. parenting programs, academic programs, family support). Define resilience

5. Wright and Masten (2006) claimed that resilience should not be seen as an individual trait. Individual resilience must be studied in the context of adversity and risk in relation to multiple contextual factors that interact (e.g. family, school, neighborhood, community, and culture) with individual factors (e.g. the child’s temperament, intelligence, and health). Define resilience

6. Schoon and Bartley (2008) We should examine the factors and processes that enable individuals to beat the odds instead of focusing on “adaptive functioning of the individual”. (Why?) could lead to the misunderstanding that resilience is a matter of personality traits and that everyone can make it if they try hard enough. could lead to the misunderstanding that resilience is a matter of personality traits and that everyone can make it if they try hard enough Define resilience

7. Schoon and Bartley (2008) Such a dispositional approach can lead to blaming the victim of adverse circumstances. Instead, there should be a focus on how to promote resilience by removing obstacles and creating opportunities. Define resilience