1. Introduction to Psychology Suzy Scherf Lecture 9: How Do We Know? Memory

2. Memory - What’s it for? Why don’t we remember everything about all our past experiences? 1. 2.

3. Memory - What’s it for? Why don’t we remember everything about all our past experiences? 3. 4.

4. Memory - What’s it for? For our memory systems to function efficiently we have to forget much of our experience or ignore it all together (ie. never encode it).

5. Change Blindness - What’s Important for Us to Remember?

6. How is the Mind Organized to Think? Cognitive Processes Memory Language Categorization Recognition Object knowledge Thinking about Minds Learning Reading Problem Solving Cognitive Heuristics Mathematics

7. Information Processing: Bottom-Up Influences

8. Bottom-Up Influences Example

9. What’s the Mind Designed to Do? Too general a problem -

10. Information Processing: Top-Down Influences

11. Top-Down Influences Example

14. Top-Down Influences Example: Change Blindness If cognition were only influenced by bottom-up processes, - How much of the physical stimulus do we actually encode and remember? What kind of information is important for us to hold on to for future reference?

15. Change Blindness - What’s Important for Us to Remember?

16. The Organization of Cognition Cognitive Modules designed by Evolution = Triggered and influenced by environmental input =

17. Facts about Memory “Our memory is our coherence, our reason, our feeling, even our action.” - Luis Bunuel

18. Facts about Memory

19. Memory Modules

20. Short-Term/Working Memory (15- 30 sec) No Rehearsal

21. Long-Term Memory (years)

23. Implicit Memory Being influenced by a memory - Priming: ch _ _ mu _ __ og _ y _ _ __ v _ c _ doo _ t _ _ us

24. Implicit Memory Being influenced by a memory of a prior experience without having conscious memory of the experience. Procedural:

25. Explicit Memory

26. Explicit Memory Episodic:

27. Explicit Memory Memory for facts and events that is available to conscious recall Semantic:

28. Implicit vs. Explicit Memories

29. Memory Performance Practice effect -

30. Retention effect - Memory Performance

31. Retention Effect

32. Memory as a Designed Cognitive Module

33. Modularity within the Memory Module Memory for food vs. memory for water Memory on a short-term basis vs. memory on a long- term basis Memory for how to do things vs. memory for facts and events

34. Working Memory Deficits - Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Lesions to - ADHD? D’Esposito, et al. 2000

35. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Mammillary bodies Hippocampus Fornix Mammillary bodies - Fornix - Hippocampus

36. Antegrade Amnesia - Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain

37. Korsakof’s - can’t form new memories Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Oliver Sack’s patient Mr. Thompson

38. Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain

39. Retrograde Amnesia - Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Usually impairment in __________ memory A different pathology effects _________ memory

40. Alzheimer’s Disease - Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Semantic Dementia -

41. Impairments in implicit memory: Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Involves damage to the ___________

42. Impairments in implicit memory: Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Striatum = ________ + _________

43. Parkinson’s Disease - Memory Modularity Reflected in the Brain Huntington’s Disease -

44. Memory Modularity Even though there are separate memory modules designed to solve problems that reflect real-world occurrences of events.. Memory Modules also interact: