1. LIS654 lecture 7 images Thomas Krichel 2011-10-27

2. structure basics about images and graphics basics about color and its representation File formats – TIFF – PNG – JPEG

3. raster images Raster images are rectangular sets of pixels. Each pixel is a small rectangle that has a certain color. Since the points are small the illusion of a non-pixilated image is created. The smaller the pixels, the smaller the image. Modern raster images will look bad on future devices.

4. vector graphics A vector graphic is a set of instruction on how to draw shapes that make up an image. Contrary to raster images, vector graphics are resolution-independent. On a device with small pixels, they look better than on a device with large pixels. Modern vector graphic will look good on future devices.

5. vector graphics usage Vector graphics are used in part of digital information. – SVG is a vector graphics W3C recommendation for the web. Browser support is still sketchy. – Outline fonts (based on vector graphics) are now in common use. Transforming scanned material into a vector format does not appear to be economically feasible.

6. scanning Printed information material can be scanned. The scanning process creates an image of the print. If there are character data, they can be recovered through optical character recognition. It’s error prone. It’s usually the only step to create a device-independent representation of the information.

7. raster images They are here to stay for better or worse. There are many raster image formats. Each formats has strengths and weaknesses. The main distinction is between formats that are lossy and formats that are lossless.

8. lossy vs lossless Lossy formats remove information from the image that the format designer think the eye will not notice. This reduces in smaller files, quicker downloads. If an images in a lossy format is manipulated (loaded and then saved) the loss is progressive. Lossy formats are bad for archival storage.

9. usability of standards Before deciding to use a format for encoding information is imperative to examine how the format is maintained – is the format patent free? – how concentrated is its ownership? – is the documentation freely available? – is there an open source software implementing the format?

10. Classic file image types GIF |not further discussed| TIFF PNG JPEG

11. color Color is the visual perceptual property corresponding in humans to the categories called violet, pink, ocker etc. Color derives from the spectrum of light (distribution of light power versus wavelength) interacting in the eye with the spectral sensitivities of the light receptors.

12. color model A color model is an abstract mathematical model describing the way colors can be represented as tuples of numbers, usually 3 or 4. A color model has to be mapped to a space of colors. Otherwise it is an arbitrary abstract construction.

13. light Visible light is a kind of electromagnetic wave. It is the one that the eye can perceive. The wavelength of that radiation is roughly between 380nm and 700nm. Infrared is below 380nm. Ultraviolet is above 700nm.

14. trichromatic theory James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) is credited with setting up foundation of the trichromatic theory. It states that any color can be obtained by combining, in various proportions, three conveniently chosen primary colors. This more a property of the human eye than a property of physics.

15. the eye The eye has two types of cells to see light. “Rods” are used to perceive the intensity of light. “Cones” are used to perceive colors. There are three types of cones, “short”, “medium” and “long”. They differ in how sensitive they are to different wavelengths of light.

16. color mixing When we are mixing primary colors to produce others, there are two approaches. – Subtractive color mixing uses light filters to remove the unnecessary colors present in the incoming (white) radiation. – This approach uses several light sources of different colors to create the sensation of another color.

17. subtractive color details There are two types of light filters. – Transmissive filters (e.g. stained glass) stop some of the wavelengths from the incoming light. – Reflective filters such as (paints, dyes and pigments) absorb the unwanted wavelengths, reflecting back only some of the colors. This approach is objective.

18. additive color detail There are the methods – Optical additive mixing combines two or more colors on the same surface at the same time. You see this in the cinema. – Spatial color mixing relies on the finite resolution of the human eye. The CRT monitors do this. – Temporal additive mixing. Colors are combined on a the surface, but at different moments in time. The modern monitors do this.

19. grayscale A grayscale digital image is an image in which the value of each pixel is a single sample, that is, it carries only intensity information. Images of this sort, also known as black-and-white, are composed exclusively of shades of gray, varying from black at the weakest intensity to white at the strongest.

20. the RGB color model The RGB color model is an additive color model in which red, green, and blue light is added together in various ways to reproduce a broad array of colors. What precisely these colors are that are best suited can be found by experiments. Strictly speaking, RGB is a group of color spaces.

21. palette A palette is either a given, finite set of colors for the management of digital images. It’s to images what the character set is to text. When talking about a screen it may also mean the total number of colors that the screen can show. Not all of them may be visible at high resolutions due to video card memory limits. |look at screen properties|

22. gamut A gamut is a range of colors. An output device can have a gamut, meaning the set of all colors that it can show. A color model may also have a gamut, meaning all the colors that can be shown in the model.

23. bit depth The bit depth is the amount of information that is retained on every pixel about the colors of the pixel. The higher the bit depth, the more color can be simulated.

24. TIFF TIFF stands for Tagged Image File format. It is a standard lossless file format used for archival purposes. In fact it is the de facto standard in the archival community. It is a 24bit depth, i.e. “full-color” format.

25. origin It was originally created Microsoft and a software company called Aldus. The latter held the copyright. It released the first complete specification in 1986. Its aim was to create a standard format for the desktop scanners of the 80s. Initially it only supported a single bit depth.

26. status This company was acquired by Adobe, Inc. They now hold the copyright. Thus this is a proprietary format. Use of the format requires no license fees. The last major update was in 1992.

27. tagged… The TIFF file stores its information in fields called tags. These store things like – image dimensions – copyright information The format allows for proprietary tags you can create yourself. Initially derided as “thousands of incompatible file formats”.

28. baseline TIFF baseline TIFF is a tag set that every reading and writing software must support. Beyond that, there can be optional tags that a software may or may not support. Finally, there is the possibility to create private tags.

29. requirements of baseline TIFF Multiple images may be in the same file. Support for two compression schemes – CCITT Group 3 1-Dimensional Modified Huffman RLE – PackBits compression - a form of run-length encoding Support for – bilevel – grayscale – palette-color – RGB full-color

30. problems Adobe also owns PSD, the format for its Photoshop application. They have neglected TIFF. – no tags to specify relationship between pages. – no standards for vector graphics and text drawings. There is a size limitation to 4GB.

31. TIFF since its release There is no public process for specification revisions. Adobe added a “draft” supplement in 1995 as a first “technical note”. A “JPEG-in-TIFF” specification, was released by 2002 as a second technical note.

32. PNG history 1977 and 1978 Jacob Ziv and Abraham Lempel published a pair of papers on a new class of lossless data-compression algorithms, now known ``LZ77” and ``LZ78”. 1983, Terry Welch of Sperry developed a very fast variant of LZ78 called LZW. Sperry files for a patent, granted December 1985. 1986 Sperry is taken over by Burroughs to form UniSys.

33. GIF In 1987 CompuServe’s Bob Berry issued the GIF compressed image format in 1987. It uses LZW for compression Berry and CompuServe claimed they did not know that UniSys had a patent. CompuServe become aware of the patent after the GIF spec is public and widely used. UniSys appears to ignore the infringing use.

34. birth of PNG In 1993, UniSys has financial problems. It negotiates with CompuServ that they collectively would collect royalties for use of LZW in GIF manipulating software. This was announced on 28 December 1994. There is a huge outcry on the Internet. An informal group, around Thomas Boutell works on producing a free GIF.

35. start and end of work On 4 January 1995 Boutell releasese``PBF,'' for Portable Bitmap Format. Within one week, others add other features and suggest a name change. Most of the work is done. On 1 October 1996 PNG 1.0 becomes the first W3C Recommendation On 14 Oct 1996 image/png become a MIME type On 15 Jan 1997 the PNG spec 1.0 released as RFC 2083

36. features |1| non-patented and completely lossless compression that is better than the compression in GIF, but only by 5%-20% Multiple circular redundancy checks so that file integrity can be checked without viewing It has a magic signature that can detect the most common types of file corruption.

37. features |2| two-dimensional interlacing scheme |+ 1-, 2-, 4- and 8-bit palette support (like GIF) 1-, 2-, 4-, 8- and 16-bit grayscale support 24- and 48-bit truecolor support full alpha transparency in 8- and 16-bit modes, not just simple on-off transparency like GIF |+

38. features |3| “palette-alpha” mode, effectively transforming normal RGB palette into RGBA gamma correction for cross-platform “brightness” control color correction for cross-platform, precision color both compressed and uncompressed text chunks for copyright and other info

39. PNG interlacing Interlaced GIF images display their data in 4 passes, each one filling in more detail from top to bottom. The first pass begins after 1/8 of the image has downloaded. PNG begins rendering the image after only 1/64 of the data has arrived. It’s “7 pass” scheme will fill images Interlacing increases the file size.

40. gamma correction Gamma correction is the ability to correct for differences in how computer systems interpret color values. – Macintosh-generated images tend to look too dark on PCs – PC-generated images tend to look too light on Macs. PNG format allows the gamma value of the computer which created an image to be embedded into the image file.

41. the alpha The alpha value of a pixel indicates how transparent the pixel is. In a PNG, thealpha value is represented by a byte, allowing for 255 settings. If the alpha value is 0, the pixel is transparent. If the alpha value is 255, the pixel is opaque.

42. JPEG There are two standards, the original JPEG and JPEG2000. We need to worry about this because JPEG 2000 has an option for lossless manipulation of the image. JPEG does not have this. We will assume JPEG is always a lossy format.

43. compression Neighboring pixels in pixel images often have similar color. This is the basic premise on which compression in a JPEG is based on. JPEG lossy compression does not reduce the amount of pixels, but it similaryfies neighboring pixels. This is done in a complex way. Some implementations take shortcuts.

44. compression scales Usually JPEG programs give you as scale by which you can set the amount of lossy compression. The numbers they use are not absolute, they depend on the way each software handles JPEG. Using different software and/or different settings will aggravate the loss from consecutive manipulation of JPEG.

45. rotation Rotation is the most common manipulation of images that we know of. There are software packages that allow for lossless rotation of JPEG images. A $0 example for the MS Windows operating system is irfanview.

46. JPEG2000 JPEG2000 is a different standard than JPEG. It has a different MIME type image/jp2. It supports a lossless format. Its support is graphics manipulation programs is good but its web support is very poor at this time. There are controversies about its free status.

47. layers There may be several layers to an image. For example, image manipulation programs can allow you to draw something over an existing image, or add layers together.

48. antialiasing In order to reduce an impressing of pixelated ruggedness across a diagonal shape, some formats support antaliasing. This is a technique by which pixels at the border are given an intermediate color.

49. http://openlib.org/home/krichel Please shutdown the computers when you are done. Thank you for your attention!