1. Testing and Individual Differences Bebe, Abby, Kashi and Shukri

2. What is intelligence? I ntelligence: mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations - Factor Analysis: a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test ex: People who do well on vocabulary items, often do well on paragraph comprehension; a cluster that helps define a verbal intelligence factor - General Intelligence: a general intelligence factor, believed to underlie specific mental abilities

3. ... - Savant syndrome: a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill ex: Leslie Lemke is blind and has never had a piano lesson. Yet he can play thousands of pieces flawlessly, even after a single hearing. - Emotional Intelligence: ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions. ex: Emotional Intelligent people are self-aware, rather than being overtaken by immediate impulses. Often succeed in careers, marriages, and parenting.

4. Intelligence and creativity - Creativity: the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas ex: Creative people have expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation and a creative environment.

5. Brain function and Intelligence Do Intelligent people process information faster? Ex: Yes, those who perceive quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests, particularly tests based on perceptual rather than verbal problem solving. Their brain waves also respond more quickly and with greater complexity.

6. Assessing Intelligence Aptitude Test: a test designed to predict a person’s future performance ex: College entrance exam Achievement test: a test designed to assess what a person has learned ex: Exams covering what you learned in a course Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale: the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; yields overall intelligence score and separate verbal and performance scores

7. Culture and Intelligence Intelligence is a socially constructed concept Cultures deem “intelligent” whatever attributes enables success in those cultures Ex: In Kenya; people who are deemed with intelligence are those who know all the native herbs to cure diseases. Unlike in Western countries, it is superior performances on cognitive tasks.

8. Compare and Contrast historic and contemporary theories of intelligence Historical Theory According to Binet his theory of intelligence testing was to enhance children’s education, however, he feared that it will get carried away, which intelligence test will label children and limit their opportunities. Contemporary In modern day testing we measure intelligence within almost everything, whether it is educational, such as basic math and reading or driver’s license examinations and university entrance examinations. Intelligences are tested to evaluate our performances and comparing our skills with others.

9. Principles of test construction Standardization: The process of defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “ standardization group.” Ex: Terman used the standardization to evaluate immigrants and compared it to Americans, which the test was unfair because both groups are not the same. Normal Curve: The bell shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes, which are often average scores and few lie near the extremes. Reliability: A test that yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test; retesting. Ex: Researchers retest people using either the same test or another form of test to correlate two test scores and if they agree then it is reliable.

10. ... Validity: The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. Ex: When you are measuring your height, however, you have your shoes on. The measurement is reliable because it is consistent, but it cannot be valid due to the shoes that is being worn because it adds a few inches on to your height, which will not make your measurement valid. Content Validity: The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. Ex: Taking the drivers license test is in your interest of learning how to drive. Criterion: The behavior that a test is designed to predict whether the test has predictive validity.

11. ... Predictive validity: The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. Ex: The SAT is an examination to predict how you will excel in your future university, which you will need to meet their average test scores.

12. Alfred Binet Albert Binet A French man,who designed a test that would identify children in the French school system who needed special attention. Mental Age- He set benchmarks to where a child's intelligence should be at. Ex. an eight year old with a 5 year old mental age. That would be considered as below the mental age.

13. Terman and Wechsler Lewis Terman He revised Binet's test, and created the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Quotient. It divided a person's mental age by their chronological age and multiplying by 100. *Did not work for adults. David Wechsler Wechsler’s adult intelligence scale (WAIS), one for children called the Wechsler intelligence scale for children (WISC) -these tests are widely used today -test intelligence on many different types of skills) and that your score is placed on a normal curve against the rest of the population. The problem with these test however is that people are scoring higher on them every year and researchers do not know why called the Flynn Effect.

14. Spearman and Sternberg Charles Spearman He argued that intelligence can be expressed by a single factor;Factor Analysis --Multiple items---> one number. General Intelligence. EX. if you are good at one subject, you are usually good at many others. Robert Sternberg 3 types of intelligence -analytical intelligence:school smarts (like the basic Binet IQ). -experiential intelligence, which is the ability for one to use their knowledge in creative ways. -practical intelligence: Street smart

15. Gardner Howard Gardner - 7 types of intelligence - linguistic: the ability to learn languages, and the capacity to use language to accomplish certain goals. -Logical-mathematical: capacity to analyze problems logically, carry out mathematical operations, and investigate issues scientifically. -Spatial: potential to recognize and use the patterns of wide space and more confined areas. -Body-Kinesthetic : using one's whole body or parts of the body to solve problems. -Interpersonal: capacity to understand the intentions, motivations and desires of other people. -Musical: performance, composition, and appreciation of musical patterns. Intrapersonal: entails the capacity to understand oneself, to appreciate one's feelings, fears and motivations

16. Labels GIFTED :any child who is naturally endowed with a high degree of general mental ability or extraordinary ability in a specific sphere of activity or knowledge. COGNITIVE DISABILITY: very broad and difficulty with different mental tasks Dementia: mental condition that is caused by a physical breakdown of brain functioning that leads to confusion and severe decline of intellectual functioning Down syndrome: mental retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra chromosome Dyslexia: reading disorder in which people experience difficulty with reading Stereotype Threat :when worry about conforming to a negative stereotype leads to underperformance on a test or other task by a member of the stereotyped group Mental Retardation: limited abilities

17. Norm normal curve Average/Mean usually in the middle Z score