1. INDIAN RAIL By ABHISHEK KUMAR TIWARI

2. Indian Railways is an Indian state-owned enterprise, owned and operated by the government of India through the Ministry of Railways. It is one of the world's largest railway networks comprising 115,000 km (71,000 mi) of track over a route of 65,000 km (40,000 mi) and 7,500 stations. ABOUT INDIAN RAILWAY

3. In India first railway was built between Mumbai and Thane in 1852 and the first passenger train ran between the two stations, covering a distance of 34 km, on April 16, 1853.

5. S. NoNameDate EstablishedHeadquarters 1.Central1951, November 5Mumbai 2.East Central2002, October 1Hajipur 3.East Coast2003, April 1Bhubaneswar 4.Eastern1952, AprilKolkata 5.North Central2003, April 1Allahabad 6.North Eastern1952Gorakhpur 7.North Western2002, October 1Jaipur 8.Northeast Frontier1958,15th JanGuwahati 9.Northern1952, April 14Delhi 10.South Central1966, October 2Secunderabad 11.South East Central2003, April 1Bilaspur 12.South Eastern1955Kolkata 13.South Western2003, April 1Hubli 14.Southern1951, April 14Chennai 15.West Central2003, April 1Jabalpur 16.Western1951, November 5Mumbai

6. CENTRAL RAILWAY HEADQUARTERS SHIVAJI CHATRAPATI TERMINUS,MUMBAI INDIAN RAILWAYS HEADQUARTERS DELHI WESTERN RAILWAY HEADQUARTERS, MUMBAI SOUTHERN RAILWAY HEADQUARTERS, CHENNAI

7. Bhutan Nepal Pakistan Banglades h MyanmarVietnamChina

8. RAIL GAUGE The clear horizontal distance between the inner faces of the two rails forming a track is known as gauge.

11. Sleepers The members laid transversely under the rail for supporting and fixing them at the gauge distance apart are known as sleepers.

12. Ballast The material placed in between the sleeper and the top of the formation is known as the ballast. Ballast

13. Fish plate A fish plate is a metal or wooden plate that is bolted to the sides at the ends of two rails or beams, to join them. Spikes A rail spike (also known as a cut spike or crampon) is a large nail with an offset head that is used to secure rails and base plates to railroad ties in the track. Rails Fixtures and Fastening Bearing plate These are the plates which are provided in between the flat footed rails and wooden sleepers Bolts Bolts are used for connecting fish plates to the rails at rail joint, bearing plates and chairs to wooden sleepers etc.