1. Unit 2: Memory (Cognition)
WHS AP Psychology
Unit 2: Memory (Cognition)
Essential Task 2-1:
Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps:
- Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory
- Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)
- Retrieval
Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B= Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184
Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

2. Information Processing Model
Attention
All the rest
External Stimuli
Sensory Registers
gone
Short Term Memory
Long Term
Memory
Retrieval
1. Encoding
3. Retrieval
2. Storage
Information Processing Model
We are here

3. Essential Task 2-1: Define memory
Outline
Define memory
Describe the Information Processing Model or IPM for short
Encoding:
external stimuli
sensory registers
selective attention
reticular formation
short-term memory
Storage:
long-term memory,
explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories)
implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories)
Retrieval

4. Memory
The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned
Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model
Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.)
Storage – Hard Drive
Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive
Outline

5. Information Processing Model
Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.)
Storage – Hard Drive
Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive
Outline

6. Information Processing Model
Attention
All the rest
External Stimuli
Sensory Registers
gone
Short Term Memory
Long Term
Memory
Retrieval
1. Encoding
3. Retrieval
2. Storage
Information Processing Model

7. Conduct Seven Dwarves Activity
Outline

8. Recognition is easier than recall
Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby.
Outline

9. Encoding
Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds)
Some information is stored visually
Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information
Outline

10. Information Processing Model
Attention
All the rest
External Stimuli
Sensory Registers
gone
Short Term Memory
Long Term
Memory
Retrieval
1. Encoding
3. Retrieval
2. Storage
Information Processing Model
Outline

11. Sensory registers
Sensory registers are the first stop for all sensory information
The sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time
Outline

12. Visual and Auditory Registers
Visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image
Icons normally last about ¼ second in the visual register
Auditory register holds echoes of sound
Echoes can last up to several seconds in the auditory register
Why do the auditory registers last longer?
Outline

13. Now let us test your visual registers
I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of a second.
DON’T BLINK
After the image flashes we’ll return to a white screen and you can tell me everything you saw.
Outline

14. Outline

15. Did you pay attention to everything?
Outline

16. Here is another image
DON’T BLINK
Outline

17. Outline

18. How big is your attention?
Outline

19. Selective Attention Selects certain information for further processing
We normally pay attention to only a SMALL (PLEASE ENJOY THE IRONIC FONT SELECTION) portion of incoming information
Outline

20. What controls Selective Attention?
Broadbent's Filter Model
Treisman's Attenuation Model
Outline

21. Reticular Formation
Outline

23. Short-term Memory
Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment
Sometimes referred to as working memory
Outline

24. Capacity of Short-Term Memory
Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information
Current research has demonstrated that STM can hold whatever is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds
Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking
Outline

25. Let’s see how good your STM is!
Outline

26. Short Term Memory
Outline

27. Chunking Helps 423-19 267-198 390-675-2 573-291-43 721-354-456
This is why I assign the concept maps – creates chunks
Outline

28. Encoding in Short-Term Memory
Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds)
Some information is stored visually
Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information
Outline

29. Maintaining STM
Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal
Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over
This technique is not very effective in creating long term memories
Outline

30. Long-term Memory
Everything that is learned is stored in long-term memory
Capacity of long-term memory
Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years
No known limits to capacity
Outline

31. Encoding in Long-term Memory
Most information is encoded in terms of meaning
Some information is stored verbatim
Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal images
Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information
CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!!
Outline

32. Types of Long Term Memory
Explicit memory
Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Implicit memory
Procedural Memory
Emotional Memory
@#$!&
@#$!&
Outline

33. Types of Long Term Memory
Explicit memory
Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having
This information can be intentionally recalled
Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific time and place
Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time
Implicit memory
Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having
Cannot be intentionally retrieved
Outline

34. Types of Long Term Memory
Implicit memory
Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having
Cannot be intentionally retrieved
Procedural memories: Motor skills and habits
Emotional memories: Learned emotional responses to various stimuli
Outline

35. Retrieval
Bringing information from LTM back to STM
Outline