1. The Role of Group-Specific and Universal Immigrant Service Organizations in Terms of Bonding and Bridging Social Capital Ida E. Berger Agnes G. Meinhard Mary K. Foster

2. Organizational Profiles Of Data Set

3. Framework for Understanding Definition Perspective, Philosophy and ‘Phocus’ Place Population Served Process of Service Product / Service Provided

4. Definition Cultural Integration Practicing own ethnicity within the context of a heterogeneous, multicultural, pluralistic society that values equality, human dignity. Settlement Progressive journey from settlement (language, employment, housing) to civic participation (voting, political engagement, volunteering).

5. Perspective, Philosophy, ‘Phocus’ Relationship Centred Whole person centred. Providing ethnically customized bridges to belonging to Canada Service Centred Primary settlement service centred. Providing a formula based bridge to settlement in Canada

6. Place Port of Arrival Ethno / Culturally sensitive space and place of arrival, entree and community Clearing house of Services Broad-based, multi-cultural clearing-house of immigration services

7. Population Served Vulnerable At risk ethnically identified Seniors / Youth / Women. All Immigrants ‘Special’ or targeted population based programs as needed. Smaller agencies in need of capacity building support.

8. Process Bonded-Bridging Mediated entree to the mainstream through with communal participation in the mainstream through collective bridging Bridged-Bonding Entree of individuals to the mainstream through formal pathways of economically bridged-bonding. Bridged immigration based social bonding

9. Products / Services Provided Psycho-social benefits Promoting mental health, and reducing isolation, violence, abuse, identity confusion. Communal celebrations and events Survival and Settlement Benefits Promoting acquisition of language, employment and housing

10. Conclusions … so far Five P’s as a comparative framework Equifinality Different routes to a valued outcome Definition Perspective, Philosophy and ‘Phocus’ Place Population Served Process of Service Product / Service Provided

11. Conclusions … so far … Outcome Belonging and esteem vs. security and survival Process Informal, experiential vs. Formal, sequenced, defined