1. Organic Chemistry for Hydrocarbon

2. Alkanes
Hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are single bonds
Name uses the ending –ane
Examples: Methane, Propane, Butane, Octane, 2-methylpentane

3. 1 Meth 6 Hex 2 Eth 7 Hept 3 Prop 8 Oct 4 But 9 Non 5 Pent 10 Dec
Prefixes for Carbons 1
Meth 6
Hex 2
Eth 7
Hept 3
Prop 8
Oct 4
But 9
Non 5
Pent 10
Dec

4. Physical & Chemical Properties Alkanes
Alkenes
Alkynes
Aromatics

5. Physical & Chemical Properties
Alkanes & Cycloalkanes

6. Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Boiling points of unbranched alkanes increase smoothly with number of carbons
Melting points increase in an alternating pattern according to whether the number of carbon atoms in the chain is even or odd

7. Physical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Branched chain has higher boiling point than strength chain (in case of number of carbon is equal)
Alkanes are non-polar molecules, this indicates that alkanes are water-insoluble compounds.
Alkanes are non-conductive compounds.

8. Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes1.
Alkanes & cycloalkanes
are well flammable.
no soot from combustion.

9. Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes & cycloalkanes are saturated compounds.
(having only single bonds)
Chemical reactions: Substitution reactions

10. Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
2. Halogenation is a chemical reaction that incorporates a halogen atom into a molecule.
More specific descriptions exist that specify the type of halogen: fluorination, chlorination, bromination, and iodination
light
CH4 + Cl2  CH3Cl + HCl
chlorination
light
C7H10 + Br2  C7H9Br + HBr
bromination
*light is a necessary factor to make a reaction*

11. Note! Chemical Properties of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes
Alkanes & Cycloalkanes cannot be reacted and reduced color of KMnO4.
Note!
light
+ Br2  Br-CH2-CH2-CH2-Br
Addition reaction
light
+ Cl2  Cl-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-Cl
Unstables alicyclic alkanes: more reacitivity

12. Physical & Chemical Properties
Alkenes & Cycloalkenes

13. Physical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
Boiling points and melting point of alkenes increase with number of carbons.
If no. of carbon is same, alkenes have less boiling point and melting point than alkanes, i.e.,
b.p. of C4H10 >C4H8
Alkenes are non-water soluble compounds, but can soluble in non-polar solvent i.e. ether, hexane
Alkenes are non-conductive compounds.

14. Chemical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
1. Combustion reaction
2C5H10 +15O2  10CO2 + 10H2O +heat
2. Addition reaction
addition at double bond of carbon atom
2.1 Halogenation – halide addition, not required light
CH2=CH2 + Cl2  Cl-CH2-CH2-Cl

15. Chemical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
2.2 Hydrogenation – hydrogen addition with Ni or Pt acted as catalyst, alkanes will be obtained. Ni
CH3-CH=CH2 + H  CH3-CH-CH2
H H
2.3 Hydrohalogenation – acid halide addition and alkyl halide will be obtained
CH2=CH2 + HCl  H-CH2-CH2-Cl

16. Chemical Properties of Alkenes and Cycloalkenes
2.4 Hydration – water addition with H2SO4 acted as catalyst, alcohols will be obtained.
H2SO4
CH2=CH2 +H2O  HO-CH2-CH2-OH
3. Oxidation reaction
react with KMnO4 (Oxidizing agent) in water, glycol will be obtained.
2KMnO4 + 4H2O + CH3-CH=CH-CH3 
3CH3-CH-CH-CH3 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH
OH OH

17. Physical & Chemical Properties
Alkynes

18. Physical Properties of Alkynes
Boiling points and melting point of alkenes increase with number of carbons.
If no. of carbon is same:
boiling point of alkynes > alkanes > alkenes
Alkynes are non-water soluble compounds, but can soluble in non-polar solvent i.e. ether, hexane

19. Chemical Properties of Alkynes
1. Combustion reaction
2C2H2 +5O2  4CO2 + 2H2O +heat
2. Addition reaction
addition at triple bond of carbon atom
2.1 Halogenation – halide addition, not required light
CHCH + Cl2  Cl-CH=CH-Cl
Cl-CH=CH-Cl + Cl2  Cl-CH-CH-Cl
Cl Cl

20. Chemical Properties of Alkynes
2.2 Hydrogenation – hydrogen addition with Ni or Pt acted as catalyst. Ni
HCCH + 2H  CH3-CH3
2.3 Hydrohalogenation – acid halide addition and alkyl halide will be obtained
CHCH + HCl  H-CH=CH-Cl
H-CH=CH-Cl + HCl  H-CH-CH-Cl
H Cl

21. Chemical Properties of Alkynes
2.4 Hydration – water addition with H2SO4 acted as catalyst,
alcohols will be obtained if reactant is ethyne.
H2SO4 O
CHCH +H2O  H-CH2-C-H
Normally, ketones will be obtained.
H2SO4 O
CH3-CCH +H2O  CH3-C-CH3

22. Chemical Properties of Alkynes
3. Oxidation reaction
react with KMnO4 (Oxidizing agent) in water
Carboxylic acid and CO2 will be obtained for alkyne with primary carbon
3CHCH + 8KMnO4 + 4H2O  3HCOOH + 3CO2 + 8MnO2 + 8KOH
Ketone will be obtained for alkyne with secondary carbon
O O
3RCCR + 4KMnO4 +2H2O  3R-C-C-R + 4MnO2 + 4KOH

23. Physical & Chemical Properties
Aromatic compounds

24. Physical Properties of Aromatics
Non-water soluble compounds
Soluble in non-polar organic solvent i.e. ether
Low boiling point and melting point
Individual odor compounds

25. Chemical Properties of Aromatics
1. Combustion reaction 15 2
O2  6CO2 + 3H2O
2. Substitution reaction
2.1 Halogenation – halide substitute with FeCl3 as catalyst
FeCl3 Cl
+ Cl2 
+ HCl

26. Chemical Properties of Aromatics
2.2 Hydrogenation
Under high pressure and temperature with Ni as catalyst
+ 3H2 
2.3 Alkylation
Alkyl group substitute by alkyl halide to hydrogen with AlCl3 as catalyst
AlCl3
CH3
+ CH3Br 
+ HBr

27. Naming of Aromatic compounds
CH3
H3C
CH3
CH3
C2H5
CH3

28. Naming of Aromatic compounds

29. Compounds that have the
Isomers
Compounds that have the
same molecular formula, but different molecular structures, are called structural isomers
Isohexane
Hexane
C6H14
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
straight chain
C6H14
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH CH3
CH3
Branched chain alkanes

30. Structural Isomers of Butane, C4H10

31. Isomers Differences compounds Same compounds Structure formula Name
Melting point (0C)
Boiling point (0C)
State at 250C
Density at 200C (g/cm3)
CH3 CH2 OH
Ethanol
-114.1
78.5
liquid
0.785
CH3 O CH3
Dimethyl ether
-138.5
-24
gas
0.661
Same compounds
Structure formula
Name
Melting point (0C)
Boiling point (0C)
State at 250C
Density at 200C (g/cm3)
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3
n-butane
- 0.5
gas
0.578
CH3 CH CH3
isobutane
- 11.7
0.549
CH3

32. Isomers
C5H12
C4H8
C3H8O
Dichlorocyclomethane
Trichlorocyclomethane

33. Functional compounds Compound Functional group Name Ether -O- Alkoxy
Alcohol
-OH
Hydroxyl
Carboxylic acid
-COOH
Carboxyl
Ester
-COO-
Alkoxycarbonyl
Aldehyde
-COH
Carboxadehyde
Ketone
-CO-
Carbonyl
Amine
-NH2
Amino
Amide
-CONH2

34. Functional compounds
Identify the functional group of following compounds
CH3CH2CH2COOH
C3H7OH
HCOH
CH3COOCH2CH3