1. PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH How did you develop before birth?

3. Prenatal development 4D Ultrasound 2D Ultrasound

4. When can you confirm pregnancy? Can not be confirmed by blood or urine tests until the zygote implants in the uterus (about 10 days after conception).

5. What are the stages in prenatal development? Germinal - 1 st 2 weeks Embryo – Week 3 to 8 (2 months) Fetus – Week 9 to birth

6. When is the germinal period? First 2 weeks Conception Zygote Implantation Conception Zygote

7. How does an embryo develop? Week 3 – 8 (2 months) First - “Primitive streak” develops = neural tube = brain & spinal column 4 th. Week Head takes shape Early heart begins to pulsate 5 th. Week Arm & leg buds develop Webbed fingers and toes develop 8 th. Week 1 inch long Has all basic body parts and organs (except sex organs) Primitive streak 4 Weeks 8 Weeks

8. Do you remember? What needs to happen for pregnancy to be confirmed? About how long after conception does this occur? What are the three major stages in prenatal development? How long is the germinal period? What ends this period? How long is the embryo when it becomes a fetus? At how many weeks does this happen?

9. When is it a fetus? (9 weeks – Birth) 9 th. Week Male gene triggers development of male organs If not, female organs develop Fourth, fifth, sixth months Heartbeat becomes stronger Digestive and excretory systems develop New neurons & synapses develop Up to one 500,000 brain cells per minute are created Age of viability Can possibly survive outside the mother (with intensive medical care) 22 weeks 9 th. Week 22 weeks

10. Fetus (9 weeks - birth) Final three months Lungs begin to expand and contract (fetal respiration) Breathe using amniotic fluid as a substitute for air Fetus Grows and moves more Startles and kicks at a loud noise Becomes used to mother’s heartbeat and voice Teddy bear with Mother’s heart sounds story Responds if mother is fearful or anxious

11. Labor & birth Labor 12 hrs. – first child Stages of labor 1 st. = Cervical dilation 2 nd. = Crowning Only about 1/3 of zygotes implant successfully, and additional pregnancies are lost due to miscarriage and other factors. (Note: This varies slightly from the lecture, but does not effect the exam.) Cervical dilation chart 10 Cm. Crowning

12. What is the Apgar Scale? Activity Muscle tone Pulse Heart Grimace Reflex irritability Appearance Skin color Respiration Breathing Done twice – 1 & 5 minutes after birth to determine if immediate medical care is needed Score = 0,1,2 for each item Total of 7 or above is desired

13. Do you remember? When does it become a fetus? When is the age of viability? What are the five items the Apgar test looks for?

14. What are some problems and solutions?

15. What are teratogens? (Items increasing prenatal abnormalities) Types Substances (drugs, pollution) Conditions (Stress or malnutrition) Teratogens = Physical defects Cleft palate Thalidomide babies (deformed limbs) Behavioral teratogens = Behavioral defects Hyperactivity Antisocial Learning-disabled Autism Cleft palate Thalidomide baby

16. What triggers harmful teratogens? Timing Some only cause damage during critical periods When organ or body part is most vulnerable Before pregnancy Avoid drugs (e.g. smoking & alcohol) Fetal alcohol syndrome Better diet Immunizations Problem – Half of births are unplanned Threshold effect Some are harmless until they “cross the threshold” and become harmful Alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana do more harm in combination This lowers the threshold for each Genes – May increase birth defects My story

17. What are the causes & effects of low birth weight? Causes Born preterm Born small for gestational age (SGA) Maternal or fetal illness Drug use Every psychoactive drug Tobacco (Most prevalent cause) Malnutrition Effects Infant death Thinking (cognitive) problems Seeing and hearing problems In adulthood - higher rates of: Obesity Heart disease Diabetes

18. What do newborn reflexes do? Reflex = involuntary response to a stimulus Reflexes that aid survival Breathing – Maintains oxygen Shivering – Maintains temperature Sucking – Manages feeding Rooting – Searching for a nipple Reflexes that show the state of brain and body functions Babinski reflex – Toes fan upward when feet are stroked Stepping reflex Swimming reflex Palmer grasping reflex Moro reflex - Being startled

19. Do you remember? What are behavioral teratogens? What is an example? What is SGA? What is the most prevalent cause of it? What are the reflexes that aid survival? What five reflexes show that the brain and body are functioning correctly?