1. MATH10001 Mathematical Workshop Mathematical Modelling and Problem Solving

2. Traditional view of maths? ● Maths is useless ● The only jobs maths can be used for are accountancy and teaching ● Maths has no link with the real world

3. The truth is that mathematicians have changed the world, Radio, digital revolution Engineering Computers Security Health

4. Telecommunications Fourier Fourier Transforms Joseph Fourier, 1768-1830 Mobile phones, digital radios, MP3 players etc. all use these ideas., MP3 players etc all use the sameideas

5. Internet shopping Internet transfer protocols based on mathematics Credit cards and online shopping – Modern encryption algorithms like RSA use prime number theorems

6. Scanners Security screening at the airport MRI scanners in hospitals

7. Mathematical modelling in engineering: eg. Finite element modelling to reduce vibration Divide car into small cuboids/tetrahedra. Treat it a bit like masses and springs in a network. Vibrations modelled using eigenvalues of matrices.

8. Traffic Management Variable speed signs  “shock waves” Many models of traffic flow  Road design  Traffic control  Better throughput  Better safety

9. Real World Mathematical Model Explanations & Predictions Solution modelling problem solving interpretation testing Modelling Cycle

10. Steps in the modelling cycle 1.Identify the problem 2.Define the variables and parameters Variables are quantities that can change in a problem Parameters are quantities that remain constant 3.Make assumptions 4.Write down a model - relationships between variables 5.Solve the model 6.Test the solution against the real life problem 7.Refine the model

11. Example – modelling the growth of bacteria We start with 500 bacteria in a Petri dish. After one day we have 525 bacteria, after two days we have 551 bacteria. 1.The problem is to find a formula for the number of bacteria after n days. 2.Variables include the population, growth rate, time, temperature, amount of food, amount of space left in dish etc. Parameters include initial population, size of dish, initial amount of food. 3.To simplify the problem we make certain assumptions – ignore the amount of food, temperature and space in dish and assume that the growth rate is constant.

12. 4. Define the model: first introduce some notation: We write down the relationship 5.We have Assuming a growth rate of 0.05 (from our observations) we get

13. 6. Test the solution: we test our solution against observations. We can see that the model works well at the start but after 6 days the model is not accurately predicting the population. This tells us that we need to modify our model. DayActual populationPredicted population 0500 1525 2551 3575579 4598608 5610638 6620670

14. 7. The growth rate appears to be decreasing over time. This could be due to a change in food available or room to grow. We chose to ignore those variables in the original model. As the growth rate is changing we could replace our constant rate by one which is a function of n. Why do we need mathematical models? Why don’t we simply make lots of observations?