1. Instrumenting the Planet for Intelligence From Blue Sky to Business Impact Kris Pister Prof. EECS, UC Berkeley Co-Director, Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center Founder & CTO, Dust Networks

2. Outline The Past What Went Wrong Technology Status Applications Technology Directions

3. Goals Smart Dust, 1997--2002 –1 mm 3 Low power Wireless Sensor Networks, 2002--2007 –Reliability: >99.9% with latency bound –Power: 5-10 years on batteries for all motes –Security: strongest link? WSN, 2007-- –Standards: WiHART, IETF, IEEE –Applications

4. Autonomous Microsensor Networks with Optical Communication Links PI: Kris Pister Source: Hughes (MICRO) Funding: $25k, $10k matching, 0% ovhd, Duration: 1 year Comments: Collaboration w/ Prof. Joe Kahn under separate MICRO UC Berkeley, 1997

5. COTS Dust GOAL: Get our feet wet RESULT: Cheap, easy, off-the-shelf RF systems Fantastic interest in cheap, easy, RF: –Industry –Berkeley Wireless Research Center –Center for the Built Environment (IUCRC) –PC Enabled Toys (Intel) Fantastic RF problems Optical proof of concept UC Berkeley, 2000

6. Berkeley Demos – 2001 Intel Developers Forum, live demo 800 motes, 8 level dynamic network, Seismic testing demo: real-time data acquisition, $200 vs. $5,000 per node vs. 50 temperature sensors for HVAC deployed in 3 hours. $100 vs. $800 per node. Motes dropped from UAV, detect vehicles, log and report direction and velocity

7. ~2 mm^2 ASIC Mote on a Chip? (circa 2001) Goals: –Standard CMOS –Low power –Minmal external components uP SRAM Radio ADC Temp Amp inductor crystal battery antenna

8. UCB Hardware Results ~2003 2 chips fabbed in 0.25um CMOS –“Mote on a chip” worked, TX only –900 MHz transceiver worked Records set for low power CMOS –ADC, Mike Scott, M.S. 8 bits, 100kS/s 2uA@1V –Microprocessor, Brett Warneke, PhD. 8 bits, 1MIP 10uA@1V –900 MHz radio – Al Molnar M.S. 100kbps, “bits in, bits out” 20 m indoors 0.4mA @ 3V

9. Cost of Sensor Networks Time $ Computing Power Sensors Installation, Connection and Commissioning Mesh Networking

10. Source: InStat/MDR 11/2003 (Wireless); Wireless Data Research Group 2003; InStat/MDR 7/2004 (Handsets) Sensor Networks Take Off! $8.1B market for Wireless Sensor Networks in 2007 Industry Analysts Take Off!

11. Low Data Rate WPAN Applications RESIDENTIAL/ LIGHT COMMERCIAL CONTROL CONSUMER ELECTRONICS TV VCR DVD/CD remote security HVAC lighting control access control lawn & garden irrigation PC & PERIPHERALS BUILDING AUTOMATION security HVAC AMR lighting control access control mouse keyboard joystick PERSONAL HEALTH CARE patient monitoring fitness monitoring INDUSTRIAL CONTROL asset mgt process control environmental energy mgt Zigbee 2004Zigbee 2006Zigbee Pro

12. Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005

13. Dust Networks Founded July 2002 Focused on reliability, power consumption Developed TSMP –Time Synchronized Mesh Protocol –>99.9% reliability –Lowest power per delivered packet

14. How it Works: CSMA

15. How it Works: TSMP

16. Frequency Hopping: CSMA

17. Frequency Hopping: TSMP

18. Scalability: CSMA

19. Scalability: TSMP

20. 50 motes, 7 hops 3 floors, 150,000sf >100,000 packets/day

21. Oil Refinery – Double Coker Unit Scope limited to Coker facility and support units spanning over 1200ft No repeaters were needed to ensure connectivity Electrical/Mechanical contractor installed per wired practices >5 year life on C-cell 400m

22. Barriers to Adoption OnWorld, 2005 >99.9% Wireless HART, SP100 “It just worked” 5-10 years Complete networks

23. “Dust Inside” Industrial Products Smart Wireless Announced Dust Customers End Users Oil & Gas Power Food Pharma Chemical Steel

24. Industrial Automation Examples –Oil & gas production, pipelines, refineries –Paper mills –Chemical processing Companies –Emerson –ABB –Endress & Hauser –Siemens Emerson “Smart Wireless” starter kit, shipping since Oct 2006

25. The De-facto Standard Emerson Siemens Pepperl+ Fuchs ABB Endress+ Hauser Honeywell MACTek Phoenix Contact Smar Yokogawa Siemens Elpro 12 Manufacturers,1 Network – Dust Networks’ TSMP

29. Shell Facility 2 km 1 km Motor condition (vibration) monitoring 200-400 temperature and vibration sensors No line power due to hazardous location rules Wiring in sensors would cause a 2 week delay in “first gas” Dust-enabled Network

30. Statoil North Sea Platform 22 pressure sensors 2 hour installation vs. 2 days

31. "Unscheduled downtime is the largest single factor eroding plant performance. Over $20 Billion, or almost 5 percent of total production, is lost each year in North America alone due to unscheduled downtime." ARC, 2002 Ubiquitous monitoring of motors, pumps, and bearings:  Vibration  Temperature  Acoustic Predictive Maintenance “Electric motors consume approximately 60% of all electricity generated in the United States.“ US DoE, December 2002

37. Rail Monitoring: Croda Application: Temperature monitoring of chemical in moving railcars Rate-of-rise temperature monitoring critical for safety and plant performance –Railcars continuously move, making hard wired measurement impractical –Employees had to climb on top of railcars for measurement; dangerous in winter Smart Wireless solutions give early detection of potentially hazardous rising temperature rise of chemical and eliminate manual readings –Railcar position had no effect on self-organizing network performance; line of site not required –Safety improvement by eliminating operator trips to the top of the railcars –Early detection means early neutralization procedures, improved plant safety “There are savings of $14,600 per year in reduced operations and maintenance costs, but, the incalculable savings were in safety” —Denny Fetters, I&E Designer

38. Real-time monitoring of parking for:  Increased enforcement  Dynamic pricing  Real-time vacancy location services Parking Monitoring – Streetline Networks Wireless sensor node

39. Building Energy Reduction - Federspiel Controls HVAC System Retrofits Demonstrated Energy Savings: 3.7 kWh/sf/yr 0.34 therms/sf/yr Higher savings than conventional retrofits

40. Building Maintenance Temperature & energy consumption monitoring 2 hour install vs. 4 weeks for wired network  97% reduction in installation cost Rapid retrofit of old buildings Energy conservation from modernizing systems Platform for additional in- building applications

41. Pharmaceutical Validation and Monitoring Validation and monitoring of critical pharmaceutical processes –Ensure Regulatory Compliance –Highly Reliable, Secure Data Transmission –Easy to Install and Use

42. Energy Management Energy is the #1 cost of supermarkets after shelf stock Service: monitor, analyze and reduce power consumption Entire network installed in 3 hours (vs. 3-4 days) Typical energy cost reduction: 10-25%

43. Monitoring for perimeter violations:  Ground vibration (footfalls or vehicles)  Metal (vehicles)  Sound  Motion Images, data traces, and tracks reported over network Perimeter Security

44. End User Customer Testimonials “…easier to install and maintain, with vastly superior scalability, but it is also much more cost-effective than previous approaches. Return on investment (ROI) is “considerably less than a year” for the wireless permanent monitoring systems.” said Chip Bennettt, KV Pharma Commented Cliff Esmiol, maintenance supervisor for Milford Power. “Especially important was the easy, flexible self-organizing network that could be installed and operational in a very short time.” “When Emerson first approached me with their industrial wireless solution, they said ‘We’re plug and play,’ said Tim Gerami, senior design engineer at PPG. I have to admit I laughed; nothing I’d seen so far was that easy. “But I’m a believer now. Five minutes after installing it, the wireless network came to life. It’s been there ever since.” According to Gary Borham, operations manager at Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel, “We are building an infrastructure that opens up opportunities for more and more applications. Wireless transmitters are being installed farther and farther away from the gateway without a loss of signal quality. The result is better information from difficult-to-reach areas of the mill, and this is helping our personnel prevent unscheduled downtime, meet customers’ quality requirements, and optimize productivity.”

45. Evolution of a mote

46. Next Innovation: Localization Use radios to calculate the relative position to each other Transmit that information periodically, or on demand

47. Two Way Time Transfer (TWTT) TOF Measure round trip time Choose time at B to be fixed A B A sends @ t 1 B receives @ t 2 A receives @ t 4 B sends @ t 3 t 3 – t 2 = fixed known time t wait TOF = ½ (t 4 – t 1 – t wait )

48. RF Time of Flight Ranging 1 m Error 2 m Error Ideal Measured Data Steven Lanzisera Takeaway: ~1m position accuracy indoors Measurement on 1 802.15.4 channel Coal mine results

49. Localization applications Industrial –Where is valve 27 anyway? –Bob is lying down in tank 5 –Everyone is present at the muster point Hospital/Medical –Where’s the defibrillator? –Dr. Grungy didn’t wash his hands between patients –Syringe LED red until near the right patient –Billing for services by the minute! Home/Consumer –Where are my car keys? –Why is my TV leaving the house? –Map of friends location at the mall –Location-based services for cell, ipods, …

50. The Next Wave… IP-based consumer & enterprise standards currently being developed within IETF Robust, wire-free IP addressable sensor networks enables the ‘internet of things’ Time (Years Out) #/Scale of Connected Devices 1 3 2 L H M Next Wave First Wave of Adopters ….. Power Transport Retail Healthcare Consumer/ Home Industrial Source: Harbor Research Buildings

51. Discussion 10 years later, a real market emerges –Industrial Automation –Driven by reliable, secure, low power networks Future –If you could now the status and location of every asset in real time, how would that change your business?