1. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 1 of 40 IAEA Post Graduate Educational Course Radiation Protection and Safe Use of Radiation Sources Part IIQuantities and Measurements Module 2Dosimetric Calculations and Measurements Session 9bTissue Equivalent Detectors Session II.2.9b

2. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 2 of 40 Overview  Tissue equivalent (TE) detectors and TE phantoms will be discussed  Students will learn about ion chambers, proportional counters, TE phantoms, bubble detectors, scintillation detectors, gel detectors, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)

3. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 3 of 40 Content  Ion chambers  Thimble chambers  Proportional counters  Tissue equivalent (TE) phantoms  Bubble detectors  Scintillation detectors  Gel detectors  Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)

4. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 4 of 40 Tissue Equivalent (TE) Detectors  Goal is to simulate, as closely as possible, the radiation dose response in the detector to that of human tissue  This includes response to different kinds of radiation, including gamma rays and neutrons

5. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 5 of 40 Human Tissue Composition Element ICRU (1977) Muscle (%) ICRP Skeletal Muscle (%) Whole Body (%) H10.210.0610.5 O72.975.4867.7 C12.310.7818.7 N3.52.773.1

6. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 6 of 40 Types of TE Detectors  Ion chambers  Thimble chambers  Proportional counters  Tissue equivalent phantoms  Bubble detectors  Scintillation detectors  Gel detectors  Thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs)

7. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 7 of 40 Model 2 Spokas TE Ion Chamber

8. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 8 of 40 TE and Other Conducting Plastics  Examples of TE and other conducting plastics used for radiation detection include:  A150  C552  D400

9. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 9 of 40 Comparison of A150 TE Plastic to Human Tissue Element A150 TE Plastic (%) Human Tissue (%) H10.210.5 O5.267.7 C76.118.7 N3.53.1

10. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 10 of 40 Miniature Shonka Thimble Chamber

11. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 11 of 40 Radiation Dose and Spaceflight TE Phantom Torso

12. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 12 of 40 TE Phantom in Mockup

13. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 13 of 40 TE Phantom with Detectors Shown on X-ray

14. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 14 of 40 Radiation Dose and Spaceflight

15. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 15 of 40 TE Proportional Counter (TEPC)

16. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 16 of 40 TEPC and Associated Electronics

17. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 17 of 40 TEPC for Space Dosimetry Applications

18. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 18 of 40 TEPC

19. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 19 of 40 Medical TE Phantoms

20. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 20 of 40 TE Bubble Detectors for Space Applications

21. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 21 of 40 TE Bubble Detectors for Space Applications

22. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 22 of 40 Neutron TE Bubble Detector

23. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 23 of 40 TE Bubble Detectors on MIR Space Station

24. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 24 of 40 TE Neutron Detector

25. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 25 of 40 Principle of Operation Scintillator Detectors

26. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 26 of 40 TE Plastic Scintillators

27. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 27 of 40 Plastic Scintillator Detector Assembly

28. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 28 of 40 Tissue-Equivalent Scintillators

29. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 29 of 40 TE Detectors - Cosmic Ray Dose Measurements in High Altitude Flights

30. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 30 of 40 Dose Distributions TE Detectors - Cosmic Ray Dose Measurements in High Altitude Flights

31. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 31 of 40 Gel TE Dosimeters

32. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 32 of 40 GEL Dosimeters for X-Ray Applications

33. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 33 of 40 GEL Dosimeters for X-Ray Applications

34. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 34 of 40 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

35. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 35 of 40 TLD Response

36. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 36 of 40 Summary  Tissue equivalent (TE) detectors and TE phantoms were discussed  Students learned about ion chambers, proportional counters, TE phantoms, bubble detectors, scintillation detectors, gel detectors, and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs)

37. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 37 of 40  Knoll, G.T., Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3 rd Edition, Wiley, New York (2000)  Attix, F.H., Introduction to Radiological Physics and Radiation Dosimetry, Wiley, New York (1986)  International Atomic Energy Agency, Determination of Absorbed Dose in Photon and Electron Beams, 2 nd Edition, Technical Reports Series No. 277, IAEA, Vienna (1997) Where to Get More Information

38. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 38 of 40  International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Quantities and Units in Radiation Protection Dosimetry, Report No. 51, ICRU, Bethesda (1993)  International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, Fundamental Quantities and Units for Ionizing Radiation, Report No. 60, ICRU, Bethesda (1998) Where to Get More Information

39. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 39 of 40  Hine, G. J. and Brownell, G. L., (Ed. ), Radiation Dosimetry, Academic Press (New York, 1956)  Bevelacqua, Joseph J., Contemporary Health Physics, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (New York, 1995)  International Commission on Radiological Protection, Data for Protection Against Ionizing Radiation from External Sources: Supplement to ICRP Publication 15. A Report of ICRP Committee 3, ICRP Publication 21, Pergamon Press (Oxford, 1973) Where to Get More Information

40. 3/2003 Rev 1 II.2.9b – slide 40 of 40 Where to Get More Information  Cember, H., Introduction to Health Physics, 3 rd Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York (2000)  Firestone, R.B., Baglin, C.M., Frank-Chu, S.Y., Eds., Table of Isotopes (8 th Edition, 1999 update), Wiley, New York (1999)  International Atomic Energy Agency, The Safe Use of Radiation Sources, Training Course Series No. 6, IAEA, Vienna (1995)