1. REMEMBERING 2O10’S SEVERE WINDSTORMS – PART 1 Xynthia Tropical Storms and Hurricanes: Atlantic Basin Tropical Storms and Hurricanes: Pacific Basin Typhoons Cyclones Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

2. 2010 THE YEAR OF “RECORD AND NEAR-RECORD” NATURAL DISASTERS

3. HAZARDS OF A SEVERE WINDSTORM (AKA POTENTIAL DISASTER AGENTS) WIND FIELD (COUNTER CLOCKWISE OR CLOCKWISE DIRECTION; CAT 1 (55 mph) TO CAT 5 (155 mph or greater) STORM SURGE HEAVY PRECIPITATION LANDSLIDES (MUDFLOWS) COSTAL EROSION TORNADOES (SOMETIMES)

4. WIND PENETRATING BUILDING ENVELOPE SEVERE WINDSTORMS UPLIFT OF ROOF SYSTEM FLYING DEBRIS STORM SURGE IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN SITING PROBLEMS FLOODING AND LANDSLIDES CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

5. Rain, floods, landslides, and water-borne diseases are typical after a tropical storm, hurricane, typhoon, or cyclone.

6. COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY DATA BASES AND INFORMATION HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS HAZARD MAPS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION RISK ASSESSMENT RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK SEVERE WINDSTORM RISK REDUCTION PREVENTION/MITIGATION PREPAREDNESS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS

7. IMPACTED NATIONS Western Europe (France, Portugal, Spain), Caribbean (Haiti, Dominican Republic, Bermuda, Jamaica, Antigua, Montserrat, St. Kitts, Nevis, Anguilla, St. Maarten, St. Martin, Saint Lucia, Atlantic Canada, …

8. IMPACTED NATIONS (Continued) St Barthelemy, Saba, and St Eustatius, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands), Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), Cuba, …

9. IMPACTED NATIONS (Continued) Mexico, USA (Texas, East Coast), The Philippines, Taiwan, China, …

10. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 High winds, storm surges, heavy rains, landslides affected millions. Hundreds of thousands of homes without power, damaged, destroyed, or inundated. Hundreds of thousands evacuated. Lives and livelihoods of millions impacted. Gulf oil leak and Clean up slowed

11. SOCIETAL IMPACTS DURING 2010 (Continued) Infrastructure damaged and destroyed. Oil and gas platforms impacted. $ billions in insured and uninsured economic losses.

12. WINDSTORM XYNTHIA FEBRUARY 26-28, 2010

13. WHAT WAS XYNTHIA? Xynthia, a violent European windstorm with winds up to 140km/hr, crossed Western Europe on 26–28 February 2010, and was the most violent storm since “Lothar” and “Martin” in December 1999

14. A powerful storm surge with waves up to 7.5 m (25 ft) high hit at high tide and smashed through a 200- year-old sea wall off France’s coastal town of L’Aiquillon-Sur-Mer

15. XYNTHIA: FLOODING IN FRANCE

16. Xynthia: 1) caused flooding, 2) cut power to more than 1 million homes in France and Portugal, respectively, 3) disrupted travel in Spain, 4) tore roofs off houses, 5) downed trees, 6) caused at least 51 deaths, and 7) caused losses estimated at $1.8 B ($1.4 insured).

17. The 2010 season was predicted to be less severe than 2009 in the Pacific Basin and more severe in the Atlantic Basin because of the diminished El Nino conditions

18. The Eastern Pacific is, on average, the second-most active basin in the world with an average of 16 tropical storms annually, with 9 becoming hurricanes, and 4 becoming major hurricanes, frequently impacting mainland Mexico and the Revillagigedo Islands, and infrequently the USA.

19. PACIFIC BASIN TROPICAL STORMS – HURRICANES: 2010 AGATHA BLAS CELIA (H) DARBY (H) ESTELLE FRANK (H) …

20. AGATHA’S PATH

21. BLAS’ PATH: JUNE 21 AGATHA BLAS CELIA DARBY FRANK

22. CELIA’S PATH: JUNE 29 AGATHA BLAS CELIA DARBY FRANK

23. DARBY’S PATH:JUNE 29 AGATHA BLAS CELIA DARBY FRANK

24. FRANK’S PATH: AUGUST 29 AGATHA BLAS CELIA DARBY FRANK

25. TROPICAL STORM AGATHA STRIKES GUATEMALA SHORTLY AFTER PACAVA ERUPTS FIRST STORM OF PACIFIC SEASON FOLLOWS VOLCANIC ERUPTION MAY 27-29, 2010

26. Tropical Storm Agatha was a weak, but catastrophic storm that made landfall near the Guatemala-Mexico border on the evening of May 29.

27. Before the arrival of Tropical Storm Agatha, the Pacava volcano, located 25 km south of Guatemala City, started spewing lava and ash on Friday, May 28 th, forcing the evacuation of hundreds.

28. PACAVA ERUPTS: MAY 28

29. Agatha produced torrential rain all across Central America, which resulted in the death of one person in Nicaragua. 152 in Guatemala (with another 100 missing because of landslides), and 13 in El Salvador.

30. TORRENTIAL RAINS

31. SINKHOLE: GUATEMALA CITY

32. 66 FT WIDE AND 100 FT DEEP SINKHOLE

33. SINKHOLE

36. Sam Bonis, a geologist from Dartmouth, said that Guatemala City is sitting on a bed of old volcanic ash that has not completely lithified (turned into solid rock), and that he believed that the sinkhole was caused by leaking pipes underground.

37. Remnants of the storm were expected to deliver 10 to 20 in (25 to 50 cm) of rain over southeastern Mexico, Guatemala and parts of El Salvador, creating the possibility of "life-threatening flash floods and mudslides.”

38. TYPHOON CHANTHU (Category 1) July 17-23, 2010

39. TYPHOON CHANTHU: A CAT 1 STORM

40. SUPER TYPHOON MEGI (MEANS “CATFISH” IN KOREAN) STRIKES THE PHILIPPINES THEN TAIWAN AND CHINA OCT 18-25, 2010 OCTOBER 22 OCTOBER 18, 2010

41. Megi, known locally as Juan, was a category 5 super typhoon, the highest rating, with winds of more than 250 kph and a diameter of over 600 km when it made landfall at Sierra Madre’s Estagno Point in Isabela at 11:25 a.m. on Monday.

42. MEGI: 600 KM ACROSS (NASA PHOTO)

43. MEGI’S FINAL PATH (AS OF OCT 24 TH )

44. THE PHILIPPINES October 18th

45. Megi tore roofs off houses, destroyed rice crops, toppled trees, ripped down power lines, triggered landslides in the mountains and whipped up huge waves..

46. MEGI’S WIND FIELD LEFT A PATH OF DESTRUCTION

47. HOUSES OF THE POOREST OF THE POOR DESTROYED

48. MEGI’S WIND TEARING OFF ROOFS OF GOVERNMENT HOUSES

49. HOUSES SUBMERGED

50. MEGI’S WIND KNOCKED OUT POWER

51. Initial estimates indicate that Megi’s damage to infrastructure, agriculture, fisheries and schools in the Philippines reached 1.4 billion Philippine pesos ($32 million).

52. Loss of communications made it impossible at first to estimate casualties, but data later indicated that loss of life was only about twenty-two people.

53. TAIWAN October 21

54. TAIWAN: WAVES GENERATED BY TYPHOON MEGI

55. TAIWAN: FLOODING GENERATED BY TYPHOON MEGI

56. LANDSLIDE - SUHUA HIGHWAY, TAIWAN: OCT 21

57. CHINA October 23

58. While Taiwan was experiencing high winds, severe flooding and landslides on the 21 st, China was evacuated 160,000 people and called in fishing boats before the expected onslaught of Megi on Friday (Oct 22 nd ).

59. 10,000 BOATS RECALLED IN FUJIAN PROVINCE: OCT 21

60. As a result of preparations in Fujian, Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces, no major casualties were reported after landfall.

61. Nevertheless, more than 647,900 people and 26,190 hectares of crops were affected by the typhoon, which flattened 500 houses, forced 313,200 people to evacuate their homes, and caused losses estimated at $238 million.