1. Economic Resources
and Systems
Chapter 2 pp

2. Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you’ll be able to:
Define scarcity.
List the four factors of production.
continued

3. Learning Objectives After completing this chapter, you’ll be able to:
Identify the differences between market and command economies.
Explain why most countries prefer a mixed economy.

4. Why It’s Important
Understanding economic resources and economic systems is essential to lessening economic problems.

5. Key Words scarcity factors of production natural resources
human resources
capital resources
entrepreneurial resources
economics
continued

6. Key Words market economy demand supply equilibrium price
command economy
mixed economy

7. Factors of Production A shortage of resources is called scarcity.
A basic economic problem for any society is how to manage its resources.

8. Factors of Production
To meet the wants and needs of its people, a society must produce goods and services.
The means to produce them are called economic resources, or factors of production.

9. YOUR ECONOMIC REALITY AT A GLANCE
Figure
2.1
YOUR ECONOMIC REALITY AT A GLANCE
The average American spends $7 a day on food. People spend less than half of that money on home-cooked meals. Recreate the table below. Insert a check mark in the appropriate square based on your eating experience in one week.
How do your choices influence your economic situation?

10. Natural Resources
The raw materials found in nature are called natural resources.
Natural resources become factors of production when we use them to produce goods.

11. Natural Resources
The economy of many countries is based on their natural resources.

12. Natural Resources
Some resources, like wheat and cattle, are renewable. They can be reproduced.
Other resources are limited, or nonrenewable, like coal, iron, and oil.

13. Natural Resources
The amount of natural resources available to a society has a direct effect on its economy.

14. Human Resources
The knowledge, efforts, and skills people bring to their work are called human resources, or labor.

15. Human Resources
Labor can be skilled or unskilled, physical or intellectual.
One of the biggest problems facing many nations today is not a shortage of labor but a shortage of skilled labor.

16. Capital Resources
Capital resources are the things used to produce goods and services, like buildings, materials, and equipment.

17. Capital Resources
As the wants and needs of people change, so do the needs for capital resources.

18. Entrepreneurial Resources
Meeting the changing wants and needs of people requires entrepreneurial resources.

19. Entrepreneurial Resources
Entrepreneurs improve on ways to use resources, or create and produce new ones.
A key to dealing with scarcity is to develop new resources and technologies.

20. What are the four factors of production?
Fast Review
What is scarcity?
What are the four factors of production?
continued

21. What are some examples of capital resources?
Fast Review
What are some examples of capital resources?

22. Making Decisions About Production
No society has enough productive resources available to produce everything people want.
Every society must, therefore, make choices.

23. Basic Economic Questions
Rules and regulations determine choices.

24. Basic Economic Questions
A society makes economic choices by answering three economic questions:
What should be produced?
How should it be produced?
Who should share in what is
produced?

25. What Should Be Produced?
Deciding to use a resource for one purpose means giving up the opportunity to use it for something else.

26. How Should It Be Produced?
When a society decides what to produce, it must also address other types of questions, such as what methods will be used, how many people will work on the production, and what will be the quality of the items produced?

27. How Should It Be Produced?
The answers to these questions depend on two factors.
One factor depends on how goods are to be produced.
Another important factor is the quantity of available resources.

28. Who Should Share in What Is Produced?
This question focuses on the concept that people can’t get everything that they want because society doesn’t have enough resources.

29. Who Should Share in What Is Produced?
In most societies, people can have as many goods and services as they can afford to buy.

30. Who Should Share in What Is Produced?
The question arises as to how a society determines the income earned by each individual in that society?

31. Blood Is Thicker Than Oil
Occidental Petroleum Corp. is exploring for oil in Columbia. However, the U’wa people oppose oil exploration on the land they have lived on for thousands of years. For them, oil is the “blood of Mother Earth.”
continued

32. Blood Is Thicker Than Oil
The problem is more complex because the Columbian government supports the oil production, which will bring development to the country.
continued

33. Analyze
Who has the right to the land—the U’wa people, or the Columbian government?

34. Fast Review
When a society chooses to use a resource for one purpose and gives up the opportunity to use it for some other purpose, what cost is involved?
continued

35. Fast Review
What happens to production methods when a country discovers new ways to combine economic resources?
continued

36. Fast Review
In most countries, what determines how many goods and services a person can buy?

37. Types of Economic Systems
Economics studies how society chooses to use resources to produce and distribute goods and services for people’s consumption.

38. Types of Economic Systems
To use its limited resources effectively, every nation needs an economic system.

39. Types of Economic Systems
The primary goal of an economic system is to provide people with a minimum standard of living, or quality of life.

40. Types of Economic Systems
The two basic and opposing economic systems that have been developed are:
Market economy
Command economy

41. Market Economy
In a market economy economic decisions are made in the marketplace according to the laws of supply and demand.

42. Market Economy The Market and Prices
Price is the amount of money given or asked for when goods and services are bought or sold.

43. Market Economy The Market and Prices
Demand is the amount or quantity of goods and services that consumers are willing to buy at various prices.

44. Market Economy The Market and Prices
The higher the price, the fewer consumers will buy an item.
The lower the price, the more consumers will buy an item.

45. Market Economy The Market and Prices
Supply is the amount of goods and services that producers will provide at various prices.

46. Market Economy The Market and Prices Demand and supply work together.
When the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied meet, the price is called the equilibrium price.

47. VISUALIZING DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Figure
2.2
VISUALIZING DEMAND AND SUPPLY
Remember these two points: (1) The demand curve always falls left to right on a graph, and (2) the supply curve always rises from left to right on the graph.
How many CDs will be demanded at $16 a piece?
How many CDs will be supplied at $18 a piece?

48. Market Economy The Market and Prices
A market economy is also called capitalism, or private enterprise.
In a capitalist system, resources are privately owned.

49. Market Economy The Market and Prices
In a capitalist system, the primary role of government is to support the marketplace by removing obstacles such as trade barriers.

50. The Market’s Motivations
Market Economy
The Market’s Motivations
A market economy offers incentives, such as competition and the profit motive, to produce more.

51. The Market’s Motivations
Market Economy
The Market’s Motivations
The constant demand for new goods and services encourages entrepreneurship.

52. The Market’s Motivations
Market Economy
The Market’s Motivations
The problem with a market economy is that owners and producers reap the most rewards.

53. The Market’s Motivations
Market Economy
The Market’s Motivations
Another problem with a market economy is that unskilled workers and older adults are often unable to afford basic needs such as health care.

54. The Market’s Motivations
Market Economy
The Market’s Motivations
Another problem with a market economy is that a small number of large companies can join forces to control the supply of products and manipulate prices.

55. The Market’s Motivations
Market Economy
The Market’s Motivations
The profit motive can become an end in itself rather than a means to improve the good for all.

56. Command Economy
In a command economy a central authority makes the key economic decisions.
A command economy is also called a planned or managed economy.

57. Command Economy There are two types of command economies.
In a strong command economy, such as communism, the state makes all the economic decisions.

58. Command Economy
In a moderate command economy, also called socialism, there is some form of private enterprise.

59. Command Economy
The primary advantage of a command economy is that it guarantees everyone an equal standard of living.

60. Command Economy There are some disadvantages to a command economy.
Since the state provides all goods and services in a strong command economy, there is little choice of what to buy.

61. Command Economy
Another disadvantage to the command economy is that there is no incentive for entrepreneurship when you can’t run your own business.

62. Mixed Economy
Most nations have a mixed economy, a combination of a market and command economy.
The state takes care of people’s needs while the marketplace takes care of people’s wants.

63. Graphic Organizer Graphic Organizer Basic Economic Questions
MARKET ECONOMY
Economic decisions are made in the marketplace
according to the laws of supply and demand.
MIXED
ECONOMY
What should
be produced?
How should it
be produced?
Who should
share in
what is
produced?
Combination market and command economy.
COMMAND ECONOMY
Government makes all key economic decisions.

64. What is an economic system?
Fast Review
What is an economic system?
What is the difference between a market economy and a command economy?
continued

65. Fast Review
What are the advantages and disadvantages of a command economy and a market economy?

66. What are some examples of renewable and nonrenewable resources?
continued

67. Some stoves use corn as a heating fuel
Some stoves use corn as a heating fuel. Based upon the cost savings, do you think the price of corn is high or low?
continued

68. Why do you think other countries are interested in buying corn-burning appliances?
continued

69. In a command economy, how might a limit on the availability of corn affect the people?

70. Business Building Blocks Interpreting Line Graphs
Graphs are a quick and useful way to visually communicate information.
Line graphs often show change over a period of time.
continued

71. Business Building Blocks Interpreting Line Graphs
The left side of a graph is the vertical axis.
The bottom of the graph is the horizontal axis.
continued

72. Business Building Blocks Interpreting Line Graphs
Both axes display numbers and a label indicating what the numbers represent.
Dots on the graph show numerical information.
continued

73. Business Building Blocks Interpreting Line Graphs
When the dots on the graph are connected, they form a line whose location and direction reveals information about change through time.
continued

74. Business Building Blocks How to Interpret a Line Graph
Read the title of the graph
Read the label on each axis
Understand the numbers on each axis, including the interval used
continued

75. Business Building Blocks How to Interpret a Line Graph
Examine where the dots are located on the graph
Determine what the line(s) or curve(s) symbolize
continued

76. Business Building Blocks How to Interpret a Line Graph
Compare the line(s) on the graph to both axes to determine the graph’s meaning

77. 2
End of Chapter
Economic Resources and Systems