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History of Chemistry
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Pre-historic to the Christian Era Known metals were recorded in conjunction with heavenly bodies Democritus proclaims the atom to be the simplest form of matter Aristotle declares that 4 elements compose the universe – earth, wind, fire and water.
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Democritus Proposed that atom is the simplest unit of matter All matter is made up of atoms
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Beginning of Christian Era – end of the 17 th century Advent of alchemists – tried to transmute cheap metals into gold through a “Philosopher’s Stone” Elixir of Life – a concoction that is supposed to enable people to live longer and cure all ailments The Skeptical Chemist (by Robert Boyle) – disproved the four-element theory
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The Skeptical Chemist Disproving the four-element theory, this book has changed the foundations of early chemistry.
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End of 17 th century – mid-19 th century Phlogiston Theory (Johann Beecher) – a substance is mixed from the air to the flame during combustion Coulomb’s Law – repulsion of like charges, attraction of unlike charges Antoine Lavoisier disproves the Phlogiston Theory
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Antoine Lavoisier He disproved the Phlogiston Theory and identified oxygen as a gas involved in combustion. Because of his works, he is considered as the Father of Modern Chemistry.
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John Dalton’s Atomic Theory All matter are composed of atoms, small and indivisible.
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Mid-19 th century – 20 th century Chemistry Heinrich Geissler – creates the first vacuum tube William Crookes – discovered cathode rays Eugene Goldstein – discovered the positive particle in atom (proton) Wilhelm Roentgen – discovered x-rays
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J.J. Thomson – described the negative particle of an atom (electron) Marie Curie – discovered radium and polonium Robert Millikan – computed the mass of an electron
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J.J. ThomsonMarie Curie
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Ernest Rutherford – identified 3 types of radioactivity – alpha, beta and gamma Henry Moseley – attempts to determine the number of protons in the nucleus James Chadwick – discovers the neutron Enrico Fermi – bomabarded uranium and created nuclear fission
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The Manhattan Project Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi – developed the first working nuclear fission reactor
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Bomb dropped on Nagasaki
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References http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/che m-c2507/navbar/chemhist.html http://library.thinkquest.org/17940/texts/tim eline/manhattan.html
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