1. Can you solve this puzzle?
Warm UP
Can you solve this puzzle?
There was nothing Leon, the driver, could do about the impending crash of the car he was driving. Leon knew the car would be completely demolished in the crash. After the crash Leon didn’t have a scratch on him. How can that be?

2. What is forensic science?
Application of science to law
Applies knowledge and technology of science to the definition and enforcement of laws
Enforced by police agencies in the criminal justice system

3. Diversity of professions within the forensic science
Criminalistics
Engineering Science
General
Jurisprudence
Odontology
Pathology/Biology
Physical Anthropology
Psychiatry and behavioral science
Questioned Documents
Toxicology

4. Also divisions such as Fingerprint examination
Firearm and tool mark examination
Computer and digital data analysis
Photography

5. forensic science
Criminalistics =

6. History and Development of Forensic Science
Earliest Record 3rd century China
Yi Yu Ji “A collection of criminal cases”
Woman murdered her husband and burned the body and claimed accidental fire
Coroner noticed no ashes in mouth of deceased and performed experiment on pigs
Chinese were first to recognize the potential of fingerprints as means of identification

7. Limited knowledege of anatomy and pathology hindered the growth of forensics until the late 17th century and early 18th century

8. Initial Scientific advances
1798 “A treatise on Forensic medicine and Public Health”
Written by french physician Francois-Emanual Fodere

9. Initial scientific advances
1775 Sweedish Chemist Carl William Scheele developed first successful test in detecting arsenic poisoning in corpses
1806 German chemist Valatin Ross developed more precise method of detection in stomach lining of victims

10. Father of Forensic Toxicology
Spaniard MATHIEU ORFILA
1814 published the first scientific treatise on the detection of poisons and their effects on animals
Forensic toxicology was born

11. Advances through the mid 1800’s
1828 William Nichol- invented the polarizing microscope
1839 Henry-Louis Bayard-first procedures for microdetection of hemoglobin/blood

12. Advances through the mid 1800’s
1863 First presumptive test for blood
TOXICOLOGY EVIDENCE FIRST USED IN TRIAL IN 1839
Scottish chemist named James Marsh testified presence of arsenic in victim
1850’s-60’s Photography became an integral part of recording crime scenes

13. Late Nineteenth Century Progress
1879 French scientist Alphonse Bertillon responsible for advancements in anthropology and morphology (study of structure of living organisms)

14. Bertillon’s System “Anthropometry”
systematic procedure involved taking body measurements as means of identifying one individual from another
Father of Criminal Identification

15. Bertillon’s Method
Used for over two decades as a source of identification
Replaced by fingerprinting in the early 1900’s

16. Francis Henry Galton Father of Fingerprinting
First definitive study of fingerprinting and methodology for classifying and filing
1892 published book “ Finger Prints”
First statistical proof supporting uniqueness of method of identification

17. Hans Gross
1893 Public processor and judge in Graz, Austria published “Criminal Investigation”
This book detailed the assistance that investigators could expect from fields of microscopy, chemistry, physics, mineralogy, zoology, botany, anthropometry, and fingerprinting

18. Hans Gross Introduced the first forensic journal
A journal compiles improved methods of science in a field
This journal is still published and updated to this date

19. Make Believe helped this field grow!
Sherlock Holmes was a fictional character created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
Tales where about Dr. John Watson who was Sherlock Holmes partner and biographer and together they solved criminal mysteries

20. Make Believe helped this field grow!
This series encompassed fields like:
Serology- study of blood and bodily fluid
Fingerprinting
Firearms identification
Questioned Document examination

21. Twentieth century Breakthroughs
1901 Dr. Karl Landsteiner discovered blood types (A, B, AB, O)
1915 Dr. Leone Lattes devised a simple test for determining blood types from dried blood

22. Albert S. Osborn
1910 Developed fundamental principles of document examination
“Questioned Documents”

23. Edmond Locard
1910 persuaded Lyon’s police department to give him 2 attic rooms and 2 assistants to start a police laboratory
Only equipment was a microscope and spectrometer

24. Edmond Locard
His enthusiasm overcame his technical and monetary deficiencies
His research and accomplishments became known though the world
Became founder and director of Institute of Criminalistics at the University of Lyons
International center for study and research in forensic science

25. Locard’s Exchange Principle
When two objects come into contact with each other a cross transfer of material occurs

26. Locard
He strongly believed that every criminal can be linked to a crime by dust particles carried from the crime scene
Reinforced by a series of successful well publicized cases

27. Other notable scientists
Dr. Walter McCrone- world’s preeminent microscopist
Army Colonel Calvin Goddard- refined techniques of firearm examination by using a comparison microscope

28. Modern Scientific Advances
Computer Technology
Chromatography
Spectrophotometry
Electrophoresis
DNA typing

29. Sir Alec Jeffreys Developed first DNA profiling test in 1984
Has revolutionized the practice of fornsic science

30. Computers
Have revolutionized data bases cutting down on the time required to find matches and analyze data

31. What should I know at this point?
Definition of forensic science
Who developed anthrpometry and what it is
Scientists what they contributed= Bertillon, Galton, Lattes, Goddard, Orfila, Jeffrey, Osborn, and Locard
Locard’s exchange principle

32. Lab Reports Title Objective Materials Procedure Observations
Data table/graphs
Sample calc
conclusions

33. conversions Volume 16 oz = 1pt 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gal
Speed
Miles to hours