1. Emperors were ceremonial
Tokugawa Japan
Emperors were ceremonial
1603, Tokugawa family seized power
Shoguns ruled
Supreme military dictators
Discontent simmered throughout

2. Emperor Meiji, as inspiration for Japan’s efforts to modernize
1853, USA sends naval force to Japan to open up its ports for trade
Saw strength of US military
Japanese had 215 year old policy of isolationism
“May our country, taking what is good, and rejecting what is bad, be not inferior to any other.”
Emperor Meiji, as inspiration for Japan’s efforts to modernize

3. Meiji = Enlightened rule
Meiji Restoration
Japanese humiliated by unequal treaties
Criticized shogun for not taking strong stand against foreigners
Social & economic unrest
1867, daimyo & samurai led a revolt
Unseated the shogun
“Restored” 15 year old emperor to power
Meiji = Enlightened rule

4. Meiji Restoration Turning point in Japanese history
“A rich country, a strong military.”
Studied Western ways, adapted them to Japanese needs, thereby kept Japan from giving in to Western demands
Adapted German style of government
Adapted western technology and ended privilege of samurai
Before only samurai could be warriors, now military service was for all men
Industrialization, made economy a priority
Strong military power

5. Japan’s growing military strength
Economic needs feed imperial desires
Lacked basic resources needed for industrial growth
Sought to build an empire
1894
First Sino-Japanese War
Japan won easily
Russo-Japanese War
Japan destroyed Russia’s fleet
1910, annexed Korea
Early 1900s, Japan was strongest power in Asia

6. Imperialism in SE Asia & the Pacific
Europeans colonized
1886, Britain annexed Burma
Dutch East Indies, early 1600s
French Christian missionaries moved into Vietnam
Vietnamese officials killed them to suppress Christianity
French invade, 1858
1890’s, Europeans controlled most of SE Asia. Introduced modern technology & industry.
These changes benefited European colonizers far more than SE Asians

7. USA & Philippines
1500s Spain seized the Philippines, by 1800’s the Filipinos accused Catholic church of abusing its position & resisted Spanish rule
Spanish-American War, 1898
Fought over Cuba’s independence from Spain, America destroyed Spanish fleet station in Philippines
Encouraged by Americans, Filipinos declared independence
BUT US made deal with Spain, $20 million for control of the Philippines

8. 1959, Hawaii became the 50th state
Mid 1800s, American sugar growers pressed for power in Hawaiian islands
Queen Liliuokalani resisted, & Americans
1898, USA annexed Hawaii
1959, Hawaii became the 50th state

9. Section 3, Canada, Australia, & New Zealand
Constitution of 1791, English speaking Upper Canada (now Ontario) & French speaking Lower Canada (now Quebec)
In 1800s, unrest grew in both
British learned from American
revolution, hurried to put down disorder
British North American Act of 1867, created dominion of Canada, a self governing nation
Maintained close ties with Britain
Canada grew, immigration & westward expansion, like USA, destroyed way of life for Native Americans

10. Australia 1600’s Dutch first to reach Australia
1770, Captain James Cook claimed Australia for Britain
British made Australia a penal colony
1901, British helped colonies unite into the independent Commonwealth of Australia, recognized British monarch as head of state.
Australian constitution
drew from British & American
But, quickly gave women right
to vote

11. Kept close ties with British
New Zealand
1769, Captain Cook claimed New Zealand
for Britain
Christian missionaries came in 1814 to
convert indigenous people, Maori
Maori were set farmers, determined to defend their land. Many died during the resistance (also disease, alcoholism, & misfortunes that follow European colonization).
1907, settlers won
independence
Kept close ties with British

12. Section 4, Latin America
Democracy failed to take root in most of newly independent nations of Latin America in the 1800s
Simon Bolivar hoped to create strong unified nation but feuds among leaders,
geographic boundaries, & local
nationalism resulted in 20 separate
Nations
They wrote constitutions modeled
after US but democracy failed
1800s filled with revolts, civil wars,
& dictatorships

14. Conservatives Liberals
Like Europe, ruling elite divided between liberals & conservatives
Conservatives
Liberals
Defended traditional social order
Favored press censorship
Supported Catholic church
Backed Laissez-faire economics
Religious toleration
Greater access to education
Freedom of the press

15. Mexico
Large landowners, army leaders, & the Catholic Church dominated Mexican politics
1855, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (an ambitious caudillo), gained & lost power many times
Santa Anna’s forces lost Texas, 1845 USA annexed it, Mexicans saw this as an act of war
Mexican-American War
American victory, Ended in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Mexico lost half of its
territory
Embarrassing defeat
triggered violence between
conservatives & liberals

16. Mexico 1855, Benito Juarez (a liberal reformer) started La Reforma
Offered hope to oppressed people of Mexico
Revised the constitution, stripped military of its power & ended special privileges of the church
Conservatives resisted & started a civil war
Juarez elected president
Napoleon III sent help but withdrew 4 years later
Juarez never achieved all of the reforms he envisioned, but he did help unite Mexico

17. Mexico
After Juarez died, General Porfirio Diaz (war hero against French) staged a military coup & gained power
Ruled from & as a dictator
Strengthened army, police, & central government
Some industrialization
The rich prospered but many Mexicans remained poor

18. Economics of Dependence
Under colonial rule, Latin America was economically dependent on Spain and Portugal
Colonies sent raw materials to parent country and had to buy manufactures goods from them
Strict laws kept colonists from trading with other countries (even if they were cheaper)
Law prohibited building local industries that would have competed with parent country
Prevented the colonies from developing their own economies
Independence didn’t change much
Free trade led to depending on US & Britain instead

19. Influence of the United States
Latin American nations were threatened by the “Colossus of the North”
The Monroe Doctrine, 1823
“The American continents, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”
Discouraged European interference
1900s, American investments in Latin America grew
1904, Roosevelt Corollary
The United States claimed “international police power” in the Western Hemisphere to protect its investments

20. Added to anti-Americanism
Panama Canal
US wanted to build a canal across Central America in Panama which belonged to Columbia at the time. Colombia refused to sell to the US so in 1903, US backed Panamanians in a revolt against Columbia
Opened 1914
Yankee Imperialism
Added to anti-Americanism