1. Cell Structure and Function
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Cell Structure and Function

2. Cells
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic

3. Cell Size

4. Cells Have Large Surface Area-to-Volume Ratio

5. Cell Size
Cells have a high surface to volume ratio to allow materials (food, O2, water) to come in and waste (CO2, etc.) to move out at an efficient rate
If cells were any bigger waste products would not move out as quickly as other materials move in and the cell would quickly die

6. Characteristics of All Cells
A surrounding membrane called the cell membrane
Protoplasm or cytoplasm– cell contents in thick fluid
Control center with DNA
All cells have ribosomes which make protein

7. Cell Types
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic

8. These are two distinct types of cells with STRUCTURAL differences.
Eukaryotes
Animal
Plant
Prokaryotes
Eubacteria
Archaea
Bacteria
Protists
Fungi

9. Prokaryotic Cell Structures and Functions

10. Prokaryotic Cells Are single celled organisms
Include Eubacteria and Archaebacteria cells

11. Prokaryotic Cells Characteristics
No membrane bound nucleus
DNA (genetic material) is in the Nucleoid region
No “real” or membrane bound organelles

12. Prokaryotic Cells Characteristics
Prokaryotes have the following Structures:
Cell wall- made of peptidoglycans; for protection and support for the shape
DNA- is circular; used for reproduction, repair, and maintenance
Flagellum (or flagella pl.)- for movement
Ribosomes- to make proteins
Cytoplasm- suspend/hold internal structures in place
Pili- to stick to surface and exchanging DNA

13. Prokaryotic Cell Structure

14. Shapes of Prokaryotes Coccus or Cocci (pl.) – circular or sphere like
Spirillum – spiral shaped
Bacillus – rod shaped

15. Harmful Prokaryotes
Disease- Some bacteria will directly attack the tissues of plants and animals that could potentially be fatal Ex: Bubonic Plague caused by Yersinia pestis
Toxins- Some bacteria will attack organisms by releasing chemicals that are poisonous to plants and animals. Ex: Clostridium tetani causes tetanus or lockjaw, a disease in which the toxin paralyzes any muscle tissue

16. Benefits of Prokaryotes
Digest food – Many types of bacteria live in the digestive systems of animals to help break down cellulose and make essential vitamins
Decomposers- bacteria break down waste materials into simple substances that can be used by plants
Production of human food- bacteria help create a variety of dairy products, vinegar, sauerkraut, and beverages

17. Prokaryotic Cell Drawing
Complete the Prokaryotic Cell Worksheet

18. Animal and Plant Structures and Functions
Eukaryotic Cells

19. Eukaryotic Cells Characteristics or Features:
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Will have many organelles
Protozoan

20. Structures for Support and Movement
Exterior Structures
Cell membrane
Cell Wall
Flagella
Cilia
Interior structures include:
Cytoplasm
Cytoskeleton

21. Plasma/Cell Membrane Functions: Contains cell contents
Regulates what materials are allowed in and what materials move out
Fluid mosaic model – describes fluid nature of a lipid bilayer with proteins

22. Cell Walls Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
Surrounds plasma membrane
It protects the cell and gives it shape
Cell Wall Differences:
Plants – mostly cellulose
Fungi – contain chitin

23. Cilia & Flagella Provide ability to move Cilia Flagella
Short, hair-like structures
Used to move substances outside human cells
Flagella
Long tail-like extensions
locomotion

24. Cytoskeleton Filaments & fibers Made of 3 fiber types 3 functions:
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
3 functions:
mechanical support
anchor organelles
help move substances

25. Cytoplasm Viscous fluid containing organelles Components of cytoplasm
Interconnected filaments & fibers
Fluid = cytosol
Organelles (not nucleus)

26. Organelles Cellular machinery
Organelles are “little organs” inside the cell that have a special function or job
Different Organelles inside the cell are:
Golgi Bodies
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Rough and Smooth ER
Chloroplasts
Vacuoles
Centrioles and Centrosomes

27. Centrioles Pairs of microtubular structures
Play a role in cell division

28. Nucleus Control center of cell Contains the DNA Double membrane
Chromosomes/ chromatin
Nucleolus
Nucleoplasm

29. DNA Hereditary material Chromosomes Chromatin – loosely spread out DNA
Proteins
Form for cell division
Chromatin – loosely spread out DNA

30. Nucleolus Most cells have 2 or more Directs synthesis of RNA
Forms ribosomes

31. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Helps move substances within cells
Network of interconnected membranes
Two types
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (Rough ER)
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Smooth ER)

32. Rough ER Ribosomes attached to surface
Manufacture proteins
Not all ribosomes attached to rough ER
May modify/change proteins from ribosomes

33. Ribosomes Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA or rRNA
They may be found on Rough ER or floating freely in the cytoplasm
They help synthesize proteins

34. Smooth ER Functions: Has enzymes that help build molecules
No attached ribosomes
Functions:
Has enzymes that help build molecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Also helps detoxify foreign substances
Stores calcium

35. Golgi Bodies Involved in synthesis of plant cell wall
Packaging & shipping station of cell

36. Golgi Apparatus Function
1. Molecules come in vesicles 2. Vesicles fuse with Golgi membrane 3. Molecules may be modified by Golgi 4. Molecules pinched-off in separate vesicle 5. Vesicle leaves Golgi apparatus 6. Vesicles may combine with plasma membrane to secrete contents

38. Lysosomes Contain digestive enzymes Functions Aid in cell renewal
Break down old cell parts
Digests invaders

39. Vacuoles Membrane bound storage sacs
In plants it is called the central vacuole; it contains:
Water
Food
Wastes
In protists, they are called contractile vacuoles

40. Mitochondria Have their own DNA Bound by double membrane
Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
Release energy
ATP (energy molecule
Of cell)

41. Chloroplasts Found in plant cells and some unicellular organisms
Contains a green pigment called chlorophyll
Organelle that uses sunlight to create carbohydrates (photosynthesis)

42. Eukaryotic/Prokaryotic Cell Lab