1. James Kelly Nathan Knight Gustavo Lee

2.  Introduction  Characteristics of Ideal and Real Op-Amps  Basic Circuits of Op-Amps  Applications  Exercise

3.  An Operational Amplifier (known as an “Op-Amp”) is an integrated circuit that sets an output voltage based on the input voltages provided.  In a circuit, it is used to perform an operation and an amplification where the operation may be add, subtract, filter, integrate, differentiate, etc.  Op-Amps are composed of transistors, resistors, capacitors, and diodes.

4.  1941: Karl Swartzel of Bell Labs developed the first Op-Amp.  Used 3 vacuum tubes, only one input (inverting), and operated on + 350 V to achieve 90 dB gain.  1947: Loebe Julie developed the Op-Amp as it is known today, with two inputs – inverting and non-inverting.  The differential input made a whole range of new functionality possible.  1953: First commercially available Op-Amp.  George A. Philbrick Researches (GAP-R). GAP-R pioneered the first reasonable-cost, mass-produced operational amplifier  1961: Advent of solid-state, discrete Op-Amps.  Made possible by the invention of the silicon transistor, which led to the concept of Integrated Circuits (IC)  Reduced power input to ±15V to ±10V  1962: Op-Amp in a potted module.  Packaging in small black boxes allowed for integration with a circuit

5.  1963: First monolithic IC Op-Amp, the μA702, designed by Bob Widlar at Fairchild Semiconductor.  Monolithic ICs consist of a single chip  1968: Release of the μA741  The μA741 became the canonical Op-Amp, from which many modern op-amps base their pinout from, and is still in production today. ParameterRange Frequency Spectrum5-kHz to beyond 1-GHz GBW Supply Voltage0.9 V to a maximum 1000 V Input OffsetsApproximately Zero

6.  Introduction  Characteristics of Ideal and Real Op-Amps  Basic Circuits of Op-Amps  Applications  Exercise

8. Parameter NameSymbolValue Input impedance Output impedance Open-loop gain Bandwidth

9. Parameter NameSymbolValue Input impedance Output impedance Open-loop gain Bandwidth

10. V in V out V sat+ V sat- Saturation Cutoff Points Slope = G

11.  Introduction  Characteristics of Ideal and Real Op-Amps  Basic Circuits of Op-Amps  Applications  Exercise

12.  A closed-loop op-amp has feedback from the output back to one of the inputs, whereas an open-loop op-amp does not. Open-LoopClosed-Loop

13.  Negative feedback connects the output to the inverting input (-), whereas positive feedback connects the output to the non-inverting input (+). Positive Feedback Negative Feedback

14.  Negative feedback op-amps can produce any voltage in the supply power range.  Positive feedback op-amps can only produce the maximum and minimum voltages of the range. V in V out V sat+ V sat- Negative Feedback V in V out V sat+ V sat- Positive Feedback

21.  Introduction  Characteristics of Ideal and Real Op-Amps  Basic Circuits of Op-Amps  Applications  Exercise

22.  Active filters  Signal processing  Digital Image processing  Strain gauges  Control circuits  PID controllers for aircraft  PI controllers for temperature measurement circuitry  And much more…

25.  Strain gauges consist of a pattern of resistive foil mounted on a backing material.  As the foil is subjected to stress, the resistance of the foil changes in a defined way.  This results in an output signal directly related to the stress value, typically a few millivolts.  Op-Amps are utilized to amplify the output signal level to 5~10 V, a suitable level for application to data collection systems.

28.  Comparators  Detectors  Threshold detector  Zero-level detector  Oscillators  Wien bridge oscillator  Relaxation oscillator  Level shifters

29.  Introduction  Characteristics of Ideal and Real Op-Amps  Basic Circuits of Op-Amps  Applications  Exercise

31.  Cetinkunt, Sabri. Mechatronics. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2007.  Jung, Walter G. Op Amp Applications Handbook. Analog Devices, Inc., 2005.  “Operational Amplifier.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier  “Operational Amplifier Applications.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_amplifier_applications  “The Strain Gauge.” http://web.deu.edu.tr/mechatronics/TUR/strain_gauge.htm. http://web.deu.edu.tr/mechatronics/TUR/strain_gauge.htm  “The PID Controller.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PID_controller  “Feedback in Electronic Circuits: An Introduction.” http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen4827/lectures/dm_feedback1.pdf. http://ecee.colorado.edu/~ecen4827/lectures/dm_feedback1.pdf  “Differentiator and Integrator Circuits” http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/11.html. http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_8/11.html  “Inverting Op-Amp” http://www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2009/12/17/basic- inverting-op-amp-circuit-diagram/http://www.wiringdiagrams21.com/2009/12/17/basic- inverting-op-amp-circuit-diagram/

32.  Questions?