1. Environmental Controls II/IIG Lecture 5 Electrical Equipment Utility Rate Structures Electrical Power Management Lecture 5 Electrical Equipment Utility Rate Structures Electrical Power Management

2. Environmental Controls II/IIG Electrical Equipment

3. Power Supply S: F. 27.1 p. 1228

4. Electrical Equipment Switchgear S: F.27.2 p.1229

5. Electrical Equipment Switchgear Space Requirements S: F.26.28 p.1191

6. Electrical Equipment Distribution Networks Cable/Conduit Busduct Busway Underfloor systems Raised floor systems S: F.27.12 p.1239 S: F.27.9 p.1237 S: F.27.33 p.1253

7. Electrical Equipment Safety Considerations National Electric Code Fuses and Circuit Breakers Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI) Battery Backup Emergency Generator Armored Cable vs Metal Clad

8. Electrical Equipment Electrical Closets S: F.28.14 p.1281

9. Electrical Equipment Electrical Plans Lighting Power S: F.28.21 p.1296 S: F.28.22 p.1297

10. Environmental Controls II/IIG Utility Rate Structures

11. Billing Components Connection Charge Consumption Demand Power Factor S: F.25.13 p. 1157

12. Utility Rate Structures Block Rate $X 1 for first Y 1 kwh $X 2 for next Y 2 kwh … Energy Charge $X per kwh

13. Utility Rate Structures Ratchet Clause Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand PEAK DEMAND AVG DEMAND

14. Utility Rate Structures Time of Day Rates $X 1 /kwh for on peak hours $X 2 /kwh for off peak hours … Uninterruptible Power Supply

15. Example Large General Service Rate $11.25/month service connection Demand charge: $9.72/kw Energy charge:$0.0682/kwh first 200 kwh $0.0632/kwh for remainder Ratchet clause: 11 month

16. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW MonthKwhKW 175030 268022 357021 455032 560035 656019 758021 850016 959018 1062021 1159022 1262023

17. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW MonthKwhKW w/o ratchet 175030$351.25 268022$269.07 357021$252.39 455032$358.05 560035$390.37 656019$232.32 758021$253.03 850016$199.37 959018$224.50 1062021$255.55 1159022$263.38 1262023$274.99 $3,324.27

18. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW MonthKwhKW w/o ratchet w/ratchet 175030$351.25$351.25 268022$269.07$346.83 357021$252.39$339.87 455032$358.05$358.05 560035$390.37$390.37 656019$232.32$387.84 758021$253.03$389.11 850016$199.37$384.05 959018$224.50$389.74 1062021$255.55$391.63 1159022$263.38$389.74 1262023$274.99$391.63 $3,324.27$4,510.11 +36%

19. Environmental Controls II/IIG Electrical Power Management

20. “Facts of Life” Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands New power plants are expensive to license and construct Nuclear Hydroelectric Natural Gas Oil Coal All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment

21. Sources of Electrical Power http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/electricgeneration.htm Coal51 Nuclear20 Natural Gas17 Water7 Petroleum3 Other 2 Total100%

22. Future Sources of Electrical Power http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html Coal38 Nuclear15 Natural Gas23 Water-- Petroleum6 Other 18 Total100%

23. Emerging Technologies/Strategies Supply Side Management Wind Photovoltaics Tidal Biomass: “Waste to Energy” Demand Side Management Conservation vs New Construction Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications Stewardship of the Built Environment

24. Supply Side Management Wind

25. Supply Side Management Photovoltaics

26. Supply Side Management Biomass: “Waste to Energy” http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/vgn/portal/internet/hcdetailmaster/0,2300,1273_83267_100490584,00.html

27. Supply Side Management Tidal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy

28. Demand Side Management Conservation instead of New Construction www.utahpower.net

29. Demand Side Management Consumption Control: More efficient lamps More efficient motors More efficient appliances Controls (occupancy sensors, etc.)

30. Demand Side Management Demand Control: Manual (timers, management) Automated (EMS, BAS, PC) Loads: Sheddable Non-sheddable S: F.25.13 p.1157

31. Utility Incentives: Time of Day Rates: load shifting Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction Demand Side Management UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates, 1988

32. Industry Incentives: Partnering Energy Codes Tax Credits “Green Lights” program Demand Side Management UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MI AKA Associates, 1988

33. Design Certifications: LEED Energy Star Green Globes Design Practice Initiatives Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MD SmithGroup, 2000

34. Stewardship of the Built Environment =Historic Preservation + Sustainability Conserves resources Reduces material streams Revitalizes neighborhoods Maintains “sense of place” Increases livability Design Practice Initiatives Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UT GSBS, 2005 1 st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah