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Rise of Islam
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A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad
4/19/2017 What is Islam? A monotheistic religion founded by Muhammad 4/19/2017 Copyright 2005 Brainy Betty, Inc.
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One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God Judgment Day
Basic Beliefs of Islam One God: (Allah= Arabic world for God Judgment Day Acceptance of prophets, including Moses and Jesus Muhammad was the last prophet by God
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570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah)
Founding of Islam 570 AD Muhammad born in Mecca (Makkah) The Prophet Muhammad 4/19/2017
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Founding of Islam 610 AD Muhammad was told by a vision of the angel Gabriel that he would be a prophet so began preaching in Mecca 4/19/2017
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Muhammad receiving the message from Gabriel
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Islamic religion spread from Mecca to Medina along trade route
Founding of Islam Islamic religion spread from Mecca to Medina along trade route 622 AD: Muhammad fled to Medina (Madinah) because of threats to his life 4/19/2017
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Spread of Islam from Mecca to Medina 570 AD to 622 AD
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630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted
Founding of Islam 630 AD: Muhammad returned to Mecca and was accepted 632 AD: Muhammad died in Medina (Madinah) 4/19/2017
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As part of the Islam, all true Muslims must perform five duties:
Five Pillars As part of the Islam, all true Muslims must perform five duties: 1. Affirmation of faith 2. Prayer 3. Almsgiving 4. Fasting 5. Pilgrimage 4/19/2017
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Affirmation of Faith The duty to recite the creed: “There is nothing worthy of worship save Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of God” 4/19/2017
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The duty to pray to God five times each day (facing Mecca)
Prayer The duty to pray to God five times each day (facing Mecca) “The rewards for the prayers which are performed by people assembled together are double of those which are said at home.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017
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The duty to give away alms and to help the needy
Almsgiving The duty to give away alms and to help the needy “A man's giving in alms one piece of silver in his lifetime is better for him than giving one hundred when about to die.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017
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The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan
Fasting The duty to keep the fast of Ramadan “A keeper of fasts, who does not abandon lying and slandering, God cares not about his leaving off eating and drinking.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017
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The duty to visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime
Pilgrimage The duty to visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime 4/19/2017
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Islamic Holy Book Quran (Koran)
“Read the Qur'an constantly; I swear by him in the hands of whose might is my life, verily the Qur'an runneth away faster than a camel which is not tied by the leg.” From The Sunnah 4/19/2017
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Holy City: Mecca Mecca (Birthplace of Muhammad) 4/19/2017
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Spread of Islamic Civilization
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Where did Islam spread? Islamic religion spread rapidly over great distances: Syria, Iraq, Jerusalem, Egypt, Persia, Spain, Asia Minor, Russia, and India
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Quran instructed them to spread their faith.
Why?? Quran instructed them to spread their faith. 4/19/2017
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635 AD: Muslim Conquest of Damascus, Syria
Expansion 635 AD: Muslim Conquest of Damascus, Syria 637 AD: Muslim Conquest of Iraq 638 AD: Muslim Conquest of Jerusalem 4/19/2017
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641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia
Expansion 641 AD: Muslim conquest Egypt 649 AD: Muslim conquest of Persia 718 AD: Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) mostly occupied by Muslims 4/19/2017
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Expansion ceases 732 AD: Battle of Tours **Muslims were defeated** and Islamic expansion into Europe stopped 4/19/2017 Template copyright
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Tours is a city located in France. 4/19/2017 Template copyright
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Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine
11th Century Turks seize most of Asia Minor from Byzantine 4/19/2017
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Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam
13th Century Tatars conquer Russia, converted to Islam 4/19/2017
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Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire
1453 Fall of Constantinople to Ottoman Turks, End of Byzantine Empire 4/19/2017
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The Split in Islam
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Split of Islam 656 AD - two groups split over how the religious leaders should be chosen; Shi’ite (Shi’a) Sunni 4/19/2017
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SHIITE (Shi’a) Mostly in Iraq & Iran Thought leader must be related to Muhammad through his daughter Fatima & Ali 4/19/2017
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The 12 Imams, believed to be descendants of Muhammad daughter Fatima and son-in-Law Ali and the infallible true leaders of Islam. 4/19/2017
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Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept
SUNNI Majority of Muslims Leader should be any devout Muslim that the Muslims would accept 4/19/2017
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Shi’a v Sunni Two groups fought each other; Sunni won & began the 1st Muslim Empire: The Umayyad Empire 4/19/2017
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Official language = Arabic
Umayyad Empire ( AD) Sunni influenced. Official language = Arabic Moved capital to Damascus, Syria (strategically located). Conquered land to the Indus River (Pakistan), North Africa, & Spain 4/19/2017
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Islamic expansion ceases
UMAYYAD EMPIRE EXPANSION CEASES FOLLOWING LOSS AT THE BATTLE OF TOURS IN FRANCE (732AD) 4/19/2017
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Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD
Abbasids vs. Umayyad Abbasids defeated Umayyad in 750 AD Built a new capital in Baghdad, Iraq 4/19/2017
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The non-shaded region shows the Abbasid Caliphate
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The Muslim World fractures
Beginning in 800 AD Islamic Empire began to break up and by 1000 AD only controlled area around Baghdad. Fracture to Autonomous Dynasties: Faced internal problems such as; financial, political, social, and military Local governors act independently to central authority Local authorities begin to act as individual provinces or states 4/19/2017
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Cultural Contributions
Architecture (ex: Dome of the Rock, mosques) Islamic Civilization preserved and extended ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian Learning Mosaics Arabic alphabet 4/19/2017
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Dome of the Rock 4/19/2017
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Mosque in Istanbul 4/19/2017
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Islamic Mosaics 4/19/2017 Template copyright
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Cultural Contributions and Achievements
Universities Translation of ancient texts into Arabic 4/19/2017 Template copyright
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Students in the ancient Islamic University
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Scientific achievements
Arabic numerals (adapted from India), including zero Medicine Expansion of geographic knowledge Astronomy Algebra 4/19/2017
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Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis)
Abu al-Qasim (Abulcasis), the father of modern surgery, performed surgeries under inhalant anesthesia, and invented the plaster and many surgical instruments. Pioneered the preparation of medicines by sublimation and distillation = pharmacology 4/19/2017
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Medicine Al-Razi- Ibn Sina Chief physician at hospital in Baghdad
Compiled a huge medical encyclopedia, explaining diseases so doctors could tell them apart. Ibn Sina Scholar and doctor Wrote the textbook Canon of Medicine Used in Europe until 1650 4/19/2017
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Mathematics Al-Khwarizmi Compiled Arabic math book, Algebra
Developed Algebra Also worked in the field of astronomy and geography A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra 4/19/2017
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Geography Al-Idrisi Cartographer, geographer, Egyptologist
Sent people to countries to study geographic features Developed more accurate maps The Tabula Rogeriana, drawn by al-Idrisi in1154, one of the most advanced ancient world maps. Modern consolidation, created from the 70 double-page spreads of the original atlas.
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