1. Parts of the Respiratory System

2. General Information Delivers O2 to the body & disposes of CO2
Works with circulatory system
Thoracic Cavity: surrounded by the ribs & diaphragm

3. 1. The Nose
External Nares (nostrils) – lined with mucus on a superficial of veins
Nasal cavity: the interior of the nose
Surrounded by paranasal sinuses: lighten skull, resonance chambers for speech produce mucus
Infection of nose can spread to sinuses = simusitis

4. Cilia
Cilia create a gentle current that moves contaminated mucus down the throat where it is swallowed and digested by the stomach
Cold weather slows cilia

5. Pharynx (throat)
Passageway for food AND air
Muscular

6. Auditory tubes drain ear in the pharynx
This is why an ear infection sometimes follows a sore throat
Pharyngeal tonsils get swollen and block nasopharynx which causes person to breathe through the mouth
Mouth breathing is not properly moistened, warmed or filtered

7. Larynx (voice box) Cartilage
Contains vocal cords – vibrate when air passes over
Epiglottis – tilts when swallowing, blocking opening of the larynx

8. Trachea
Lined with ciliated mucosa – cilia moves foreign material AWAY from the lungs
Smoking destroys cilia

9. Primary Bronchi
Division of trachea

10. Lungs Left = 2 lobes Right = 3 lobes
Bronchi subdivide into secondary, tertiary bronchi
Ends with bronchioles
Lead to alveoli (air sacs)  place of gas exchange

11. The Lungs are located in the THORAX and are protected by the RIBCAGE

12. The thorax is the region above the diaphragm
What is another organ also found in the thorax?

13. Answer
The heart

14. Sequence air takes to enter the lungs:
1. Nasal cavity/Passages
2. Pharynx
5. Bronchi
4. Trachea
3. Larynx
6. Bronchioles
7. Alveoli

15. Lungs The Lungs are placed in an air-tight chamber
If air enters the chamber, the lung will collapse

16. VENTILATION - Breathing Movements
Ventilation – the process of breathing
Inspiration or inhalation – air move into lungs
Expiration or exhalation – air forced out of lungs

17. What causes inhalation/exhalation?
The Diaphragm & Intercostal Muscles allows you to inhale & exhale

18. How does it work?
Lungs expand & Contract in response to the changes in pressure inside the chest cavity.

19. Mechanism of Ventilation
Your lungs contain elastic tissue – they have NO muscle
So, how are you able to breathe in and out?

20. Steps for Breathing In:
1. Diaphragm contracts & flattens (moves downwards)
2. Rib cage moves upwards & outwards as intercostal muscles contract
3. Volume of thorax increases and pressure decreases
4. Air enters (& lungs inflate)

21. Steps for Breathing Out
1. Diaphragm relaxes and becomes dome shaped
2. Rib cage returns to original position as intercostal muscles relax
3. Volume of thorax decreases and the pressure increases
4. Air is expelled (& lungs deflate)

22. R.S. – Gas Exchange

23. Gas Exchange

24. Gas Exchange
Gas exchange is the delivery of oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream and the elimination of carbon dioxide from the bloodstream to the lungs.
Gas exchange occurs in the lungs between the alveoli and a tiny network of tiny blood vessels called capillaries.
Capillaries are located in the walls of the alveoli
Red blood cells travel through the capillaries

25. Gas Exchange
Due to how close the capillaries and alveoli are, this makes it possible for oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse between the alveolus and capillary.
Oxygen molecules attach to the red blood cells which travel back to the heart.
At the same time that the oxygen molecules are attaching to the RBCs, the CO2 is being ejected from the body through the next exhalation.
Gas exchange allows the body to replenish the oxygen and eliminate the CO2

26. Gas Transport

27. Gas Transport Oxygen is transported in the blood in 2 ways:
Most attach to hemoglobin molecules inside the RBCs to form oxyhemoglobin
A very small amount is carried dissolved in the plasma
Most CO2 is transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion, which plays a very important role in the blood buffer system

29. Mechanisms that Control the Rate of Ventilation

30. Physical Factors Examples: Talking Coughing Exercising
Increased body temperatures

31. Volition (Conscious Control)
Examples:
During singing and swallowing
Holding your breath for activities such as swimming
Voluntary control of breath is limited
The respiratory centers will ignore messages from the cortex (our wishes) when oxygen supply in the blood is getting low or blood pH is falling.

32. Emotional
Examples:
Watching a horror film
Touching something cold/clammy and gasping
Results from reflexing initiated by emotional stimuli acting through centers in they hypothalamus

33. Chemical Factors Most important! The levels of CO2 and O2 in the blood
Increases CO2 and decreased blood pH are the most important stimuli leading to an increase in the rate and depth of breathing

34. Respiratory Disorders/Complications

35. Bronchitis Inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
If you have bronchitis:
Harder for air to pass in and out of lungs
Most common symptom = COUGH

36. Chronic Bronchitis Chronic Bronchitis: Mild to severe
Lasts several months – years
Produce excessive mucus
Most common cause = smoking

37. Asthma Inflames and narrows airways
Causes recurring periods of wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing

38. Emphysema
Gradually damages the air sacs of your lungs
Smoking
COPD