1. World History Libertyville High School World History Libertyville High School

2. Geographic Considerations Isolation! – World’s tallest mountains to North (Himalayas) – Thar Desert to East Indus & Ganges Rivers – Bounded large, 1,700 mile wide fertile plain – Rivers brought silt to river valleys and water for irrigation Problems facing settlers? – River flooding – Monsoons

3. Monsoons Seasonal winds blowing across India – June – Sept: from sea to interior – Oct – May: from mntns to sea Helped with growing seasons BUT were unpredictable, destructive Wetter climate 6000 years ago – how do we know? – Seals of tropical animals – kiln fired bricks

4. The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE Man first arrived around 7000 BC Cities suggest a highly centralized, organized government & society 1400 towns, cities discovered (compare to Sumerians!)

5. Harappan Cities Built strong walls built around cities (Why? Consider challenges…) Cities laid out in grid pattern – Neighborhoods w/ walls around them – Excellent sewer system Cities built with kiln fired bricks that were standardized by size, weight Map of Mohenjo Daro

6. Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro

7. Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro

8. The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro

9. A side Street, Mohenjo-Daro

10. Sewer Drain, Harappa

11. Bull Figurine, Harappa Art & Technology Historians believe that animals were important to civilization b/c there were so many depictions of them Written language was pictographic – We can’t translate it b/c we have no dual translation Metallurgy based on copper, bronze Used wheel & boats w/ 1 mast

12. Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.

13. Harappan Seals Stone seals with animals carved on them – Carved from small block of stone – After carving, surface glazed and fired Uses : Student brainstorm!!! – Signatures? – Heraldry? – Show ownership? Carried on string; seals found in Mesopotamia Bison Seal A Horned-God Seal

14. Harappan Seals Unicorn Seal, HarappaReverse of a harappan seal

15. Other Harappan seals

16. Harappan Religion Unknown, because we can’t translate their writing Assumed to be theocracy, polytheistic Dead buried with tools, jewelry Little overtly religious artwork A Priest-King, (front)A Priest-King, (back)

17. Male Skeleton, Harappa

18. Female Skeleton with Child, Harappa

19. Burial Pottery, Harappa

20. Trade Gold and silver from Afghanistan Gems from Persia were made into jewelry by Harappans Harappans grew cotton and exported the cloth Traded extensively with Mesopotamia, Egyptians

21. Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro

22. Female Figures, Harappa

23. Two theories to End of Harappan civilization Invasion by Aryans, c. 1750 bc – Indo European people migrating into India from Caucasus mountains – Nomadic warriors – Used chariots – Cultures fused following conquest – Brought own religion (primitive form of Hinduism) Aryans in later history

24. 2 theories to End of Harappan civilization Massive geological event – Earthquake caused change in Indus river’s course – Change in river’s course would kill off cities and cause their abandonment Indian nationalists prefer this theory (why?)

26. Vedic culture & language Vedic = new, post Harappan culture Vedes believed to be pastoral farmers –Cows held in high esteem (productivity, in vegetarian society) Sanskrit emerged –Language of religion, intellectuals –Example: the Vedas Sanskrit writing

27. Indo European “language tree” Language originated in Caucasus Mntns

28. The Vedas  Written between 1200 & 600 BCE.  Religious texts representing oldest of Hindu beliefs  Included:  hymns and poems  religious prayers  magical spells  lists of the gods and goddesses Rig Veda  oldest work still used in active religion today

29. Varna (Social Hierarchy) Shudras Vaishyas Kshatriyas Harijan (Untouchables) Brahmins Priests Rulers Traders Laborers Outcasts

30. During The Vedic Age The foundations for Hinduism were established!