1. Unit C 4-5 Basic Principles of Agricultural / Horticultural Science

2. Problem Area 4 Identifying Basic Principles of Plant Science

3. Lesson 5 Determining the Importance of Photosynthesis and Respiration

4. Interest Approach (With the lights off in the classroom) Could you survive and continue to make energy if you were kept in the dark? What effects would complete darkness have on other mammals? What effects would complete darkness have on plants?

5. Student Learning Objectives Explain photosynthesis and its importance. Write the chemical equation for photosynthesis and explain it. Explain how light and dark reactions differ. Define respiration and explain why it is important. List four factors that affect the rate of respiration. Explain the importance of transpiration to plants.

6. Terms Calvin cycle Chlorophyll Dark reactions Glucose Light reactions Mitochondria Photosynthesis Respiration Stomata Transpiration

7. What is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is the manufacture of food by plant cells. Sugar is the major product of photosynthesis and provides energy for the plant. Two phases of the photosynthesis process: Energy gathering Sugar making

8. 2 phases of photosynthesis Energy gathering: plant leaves soak up sunlight. Sugar making: Plants convert energy from sunlight into stored chemical energy. Chemical energy rearranges carbon dioxide in the plant in the presence of chlorophyll to form sugar. Glucose, a simple sugar, is formed.

9. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the most important reaction on earth. All life forms are dependent on the reaction. Occurs in the chloroplasts CO 2 + light + chlorophyll + H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 (glucose) + H 2 O + O 2

10. Necessary for photosynthesis to occur Chlorophyll - green colored substance in plants. Light - leaves absorb necessary energy from the suns rays or artificial light. Carbon Dioxide - enters the plant through structures called stomata in the leaves. Carbon dioxide is split during photosynthesis. Water - is also split during photosynthesis.

12. What does the chemical equation for photosynthesis mean? Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that yields the following products: Carbohydrates in the form of sugars and starches. Water. Oxygen.

13. Photosynthesis Equation Light + 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

14. Light and Dark Reactions Photosynthesis is a series of complex reactions that have been divided into two major phases. Light reactions Dark reactions.

15. Light Reactions Light dependent reactions Light allows energy to be released in the form of ATP which can be used by the plant in the splitting of water and the release of oxygen. The pigments in chloroplasts absorb light energy to form NADPH and ATP to be used in the breakdown of CO 2 in the dark reactions.

16. Dark Reaction Light independent reactions A chemical known as RuBP (rubilose biphosphate) absorbs carbon. Carbon dioxide and RuBP join together and go through a process called the Calvin cycle.

17. Calvin cycle The Calvin cycle reduces carbon dioxide to manufacture carbohydrates. The NADPH and ATP synthesis from the light reactions provide the energy needed to power the Calvin cycle. One molecule of glucose is formed as a result of the Calvin cycle

18. Respiration The process by which an organism provides its cells with oxygen so energy can be released from digested food.

19. Respiration Takes place in all living cells at all times. Takes place in the mitochondria of all cells. Mitochondria are energy processing factories for plants. “power plant of the cell”

20. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration Respiration yields the opposite results as photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis absorbs energy, consumes carbon dioxide and releases oxygen. Respiration uses energy, consumes oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

21. Factors that affect the rate of respiration Temperature Oxygen Soil conditions Light

22. Temperature There is a direct relationship between respiration and temperature As the temperature increases so does the rate of respiration.

23. Oxygen Oxygen is required for respiration to take place. As oxygen levels decrease so does the rate of respiration.

24. Soil Conditions Soil containing large quantities of water cause the rate of respiration to decrease because of the lack of oxygen.

25. Light The amount of energy produced by photosynthesis in low light conditions is reduced. Therefore, the amount of energy available to conduct respiration is lower.

26. Transpiration Transpiration in plants is the loss of water by evaporation through structures called stomata. Stomata are pores or openings in the plant that allow for the exchange of water and other substances. Transpiration in plants is similar to perspiration in humans.

28. Water movement in plants Water molecules and transpiration together form a force that is essential for water movement through plants. As water evaporates through the stomata of plant, it creates a pull that aids in the absorption of water by the roots. (An analogy of using a straw to drink will help students to visualize this process.)

29. Hydrologic cycle Transpiration is a vital link in the hydrologic cycle. Ninety-nine percent of all water taken in by the plant is lost to transpiration. Therefore, transpiration contributes significantly to the generation of rainfall.

30. Factors that affect the rate of transpiration Wind Speed Temperature Humidity Drought

31. Wind Speed There is direct relationship between wind speed and transpiration. Higher wind speed creates higher transpiration rates

32. Temperature As temperature increases so does the rate of transpiration because the plant uses transpiration as a mechanism to cool itself. Once again there is a direct relationship between temperature and transpiration.

33. Humidity Humidity influences the rate of transpiration because if the air is already saturated with water vapor, there will be a decrease in the rate of evaporation.

34. Drought If the plant is experiencing drought conditions it will close the stomata to prevent needed water from escaping. When the plants stomata are closed transpiration does not take place.

35. Review / Summary Why is photosynthesis important to plant life? What is the equation for photosynthesis? How do light and dark reactions differ?

36. Review / Summary What is respiration and why is it important? What factors affect respiration? What is transpiration and why is it important?