1. BETTER AIR QUALITY 2004 SPECIFIC TRANSPORT MEASURES TO REDUCE EMISSIONS IN HYDERABAD, INDIA Yash Sachdeva, RITES Ltd Viresh Goel, RITES Ltd D.S.Chari, RITES Ltd 6 - 8 DECEMBER, 2004 AGRA, INDIA

2. TRANSPORTATION POLICIES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Typical policy alternatives to reduce emissions in developing countries have relied mainly on technology improvements While technology improvement is desirable, the impacts of transportation policies on emissions also need to be considered Maintaining mobility levels also important for sustainable development This IES component should help policy makers understand the broader impacts of transportation policy

3. SCOPE OF WORK Study components for Transportation Part-I: Scenarios for More Effective Public Transit Services Part-II: Traffic Management and Measures to improve Traffic Flow Part-III:Technology/ Training Measures relating to 2-stroke vehicles

4. STUDY AREA: The area under jurisdiction of ‘Hyderabad Urban Development Authority’(HUDA) -1865sq.kmPOPULATION: YEARPOPULATION (MILLION) URBAN AGGL.HUDA Area 20015.76.4 2011*9.0 2021*13.6 * Projected Figures as per Master Plan for Hyderabad Metropolitan Area-2020 REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES (2002) REGISTERED MOTOR VEHICLES (2002) TOTAL MOTOR VEHICLES 14.5 MILLION AUTO RICKSHAW 5% CARS & JEEPS 13% TWO WHEELERS 77% STUDY AREA CHARACTERISTICS

5. STUDY AREA

6. PRIMARY TRAFFIC & TRAVEL SURVEYS Road Network Inventory Survey Speed and Delay Survey Turning Movement Traffic Count Survey Traffic Signal Time Survey Parking Survey Pedestrian Survey Household Travel Survey(Activity Diary & Stated Preference) Passenger’s Opinion Survey(Public & Pvt.Mode) and Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Surveys

7. DIAGRAM OF TRANSPORTATION ASSESSMENT PROCESS

8. TRAVEL DEMAND FORECASTING Takes raw inputs in the form of forecasts of – Population – Employment – Socio-demographic information – Spatial distribution of activities – Transportation networks and services offered Produces forecasts of – Volume of traffic for each important link in a transportation network (for all modes) – Operating speeds along those links Traffic volumes factored up to aggregate forecasts of PKT and VKT Speed and aggregate volumes used to calculate emissions, using a vehicle emissions package Feedback loop technique used to assess induced transport demand

9. MODAL SPLIT(2003) MODE %of Total Peron trips (only motorised))%(all person trips) 2 Wheeler 46.6 31.0 Car 3.2 2.2 Auto( 3 Seater) 7.6 5.0 Auto( 7 Seater) 1.0 0.7 Bus 41.3 27.6 Rail 0.3 0.2 Cycle -- 2.9 Cycle Rickshaw -- 0.2 Walk -- 30.2 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 TOTAL TRIPS/DAY 8.2 Million

10. PART- I : SCENARIOS FOR MORE EFFECTIVE PUBLIC TRANSIT SERVICE Business-As-Usual(BAU) Scenario Further decline in bus ridership Increase in use of personalized and IPT modes Increase in traffic congestion on roads Further decline in bus speeds which will lead to high travel time Higher vehicle km by 2-wh,cars and auto rick. Increase in emissions from motorized vehicles Goal of this component: quantify BAU and alternative public transport scenarios

11. ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS TO MAKE BUS TRANSPORT SYSTEM MORE EFFECTIVE Exclusive bus lanes/ways Provision of adequate and well designed bus stops Priority of buses at traffic signals Bus Route Rationalization

12. DAILY VEHICLE KILOMETERS TRAVELLED(VKT) FOR STUDY AREA Business-As-Usual(BAU) Scenario: ( in ‘000) Mode20032011 2021 Bus 695 942 1223 Auto4499594114799 Car25423518 4851 2-w 13556 23274 30387 Total 21292 33675 51260 More effective bus transit service scenario: Mode20112021 Bus13392184 Auto23873939 Car33804587 2-w 19139 25479 Total 26245 36189

13. ESTIMATED DAILY EMISSIONS FOR STUDY AREA(BAU SCENARIO) EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY 2003 2011 2021 CO 630 1208 3045 PM 6 12 32 CO 2 2916 5144 11238 CH 4 30 61171

14. REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS OVER BAU SCENARIO WITH MORE EFFECTIVE BUS TRANSIT SYSTEM SCENARIO FOR STUDY AREA REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY 2011 2021 CO 327(27%)1410(46%) PM 4(35%) 18(55%) CO 2 688(13%) 3793(34%) CH 4 23(38%)102(59%) Figures in braces indicate the percentage reduction.

15. PART-II: TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND MEASURES TO IMPROVE TRAFFIC FLOW Corridors I. Sanathnagar to Nalgonda ‘X’ Road Corridor (12.6 km) II. Panjagutta to Secunderabad Corridor ( 8 km) Three scenarios developed for the identified corridors viz. – BAU Scenario – GEP Scenario(Reduction of Side friction,Provision of Foot path, Synchronization of Traffic signals along with junction improvements to reduce intersection delays) – Flyover Scenario(for corridor from Sanatnagar to Nalgonda ‘X’ Road)

16. DAILY EMISSIONS IN TWO IDENTIFIED CORRIDORS FOR BAU SCENARIO EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY Corridor – I Corridor - II 20112021 20112021 VKT(‘000) 17782825677919 CO 752462651 PM 1 3 0.2 1 CO 2 31391092 158 CH 4 4 16 1 3

17. REDUCTION IN DAILY EMISSIONS OVER BAU FOR SIDE FRICTION SCENARIO REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY Corridor – I Corridor - II 2011 2021 2011 2021 CO 15(20%) 125(51%) 1(4%) 10(19%) PM 0.2(26%) 2(57%) 0.01(4%) 0.1(25%) CO 2 81(26%)511(56%) 5(5%) 38(24%) CH 4 1(25%) 9(55%) 0.1(4%) 1(24%) Figures in braces indicate the percentage reduction.

18. REDUCTION IN DAILY EMISSIONS OVER BAU FOR PROVISION OF FOOT PATH SCENARIO REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY Corridor – ICorridor - II 2011 2021 20112021 CO 14(19%) 117(47%)1(4%)9(17%) PM0.2(26%) 2(53%) 0.01(4%) 0.1(23%) CO 2 78(25%) 475(52%) 5(50%) 34(21%) CH 4 1(24%) 8(52%) 0.1(4%) 1(21%) Figures in braces indicate the percentage reduction.

19. REDUCTION IN DAILY EMISSIONS OVER BAU FOR SYNCHRONISATION OF TRAFFIC SIGNALS&JUNCTION IMPROVEMENT SCENARIO REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY Sanatnagar-Nalgonda Corridor 2011 2021 CO 14(18%) 50(20%) PM 0.2(20%) 1(21%) CO 2 71(23%) 209(23%) CH 4 1(19%) 3(21%) Figures in braces indicate the percentage reduction.

20. REDUCTION IN DAILY EMISSIONS OVER BAU FOR FLYOVER SCENARIO REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY Sanatnagar-Nalgonda Corridor 2011 2021 CO 0.1(0.2%)33.4(14%) PM 0.1(8%) 0.6(19%) CO 2 20(6%) 175(19%) CH 4 0.4(8%) 3(17%) Figures in braces indicate the percentage reduction.

21. PART-III: VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY/ TRAINING MEASURES RELATED OT TWO-STROKE VEHICLES 80% of 2 Wheelers are with 2-stroke engines 3 Wheelers are predominantly with 2-stroke engines Fuels blended with lesser quality fuel(adulteration) Inconsistent driving habits As a result, 2-stroke two or three wheelers in Hyderabad contribute quite disproportionately to air quality problems.

22. TWO - STROKE MAINTENANCE & OPERATIONS(M&O)TRAINING M&O Training programs can spread awareness and reduce emissions. Goal of component: What is the envelope of improvement that can be expected, and how cost effective would that be?

23. REDUCTION IN DAILY EMISSIONS DUE TO M & O TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR 2-STROKE VEHICLES REDUCTION IN EMISSIONS IN TONNES PER DAY for STUDY AREA 20112021 CO 6 43 PM 0.1 0.5 CO 2 9 70 CH 4 0.4 3

24. RECOMMENDATIONS Improved bus transit can attract traffic from 2&3 wheelers,cars and reduce emissions significantly.Therefore, more effective bus transit services should be provided. Traffic Management Measures such as removal of side friction,segregation of vehicular and pedestrian traffic and synchronisation of traffic signals should be implemented on all the major corridors wherever feasible. These measures are low cost and very effective in reducing vehicular emission levels. Although long flyovers attract higher traffic as compared to BAU scenario, they can still reduce emissions. However, construction of flyover should be planned carefully in view of the issue of sustainable development. Training programs and publicity for better maintenance of vehicle and proper driving habits of 2-stroke vehicle drivers should be carried out regularly.

25. THANKS FOR YOUR TIME AND ATTENTION