1. Ch. 2 (Sec. 2) Ancient Egypt

2. I. Nile River “Giver of Life” “Gift of the Nile” A. 4,160 miles long * longest river in world

3. Hymn To The Nile “If the Nile smiles the earth is joyous, every stomach is rejoicing.”

4. B. Neolithic people settle Nile Valley 6000 years ago C. Natural Barriers * protected from invasion Libyan Desert Red Sea Nubian Desert Med. Sea Cataracts *rapids

5. D. Sinai Peninsula connects Egypt & Western Asia

6. E. Kemet Black Land (black soil) name given to Ancient Egypt Egypt “House of the Spirit” (Aegyptus) *Greeks gave Egypt it’s name

7. II. 2 Kingdoms of Ancient Egypt A. Upper Egypt Land upstream to south Cobra *symbol * White Crown B. Lower Egypt closest to Med. Sea Vulture *symbol *Red Crown

8. C. Menes 3100 BC *1st Pharaoh of Egypt united 2 kingdoms 1. Pharaoh Great House son of Amon-Re *Sun God

10. 2. Memphis *1 st capital city “City of White Walls”

11. 3. Dynasty family of rulers passing of crown based on heredity 30 Egyptian Dynasties

13. 4. Vizier “steward of the whole land” chief administrator & judge

14. 5. Nomes 42 Egyptian provinces

15. III. Periods of Ancient Egyptian History A. Old Kingdom 2700 BC - 2200 BC 1. Pyramid Age *greatest period of Egyptian History 90 Pyramids still stand

16. 2. Step Pyramid at Sakkara 2650 BC *world’s oldest building Pharaoh Zoser (or Djoser) “The Most Sacred One”

17. Imhotep *architect Step Pyramid

20. 3. Great Pyramid at Giza Pharaoh Khufu 2450 BC 2,300,000 stone blocks / 5,000 lbs. each 481 ft. high covers 13 acres

25. Stone Sarcophagus Great Pyramid

27. 4. Sphinx “Guardian of Sacred Places” lions body & human head Pharaoh Khafre *face on Sphinx?

31. B. Middle Kingdom 2050 BC - 1800 BC Golden Age 1. Mummification for lower classes

33. 2. Canal links Nile & Red Sea

34. 3. Thebes “City of a 1,000 Gates” *2 nd capital city

37. 4. Hyksos Princes of the Desert *1 st invasion of Egypt 1652 BC crossed Sinai Peninsula Horses & War Chariots

38. 5. Tale of Sinhue basis for: Sinbad the Sailor

39. C. New Kingdom 1570 BC - 1090 BC Empire Age 1. Queen Hatshepsut “Queen Pharaoh” 1473 BC – 1458 BC *1st female ruler in history wore ceremonial beard

41. 2. Thutmose III “Napoleon of Egypt” empire reaches its greatest size conquers Syria & Persia

42. Obelisks “symbol of the sun” pointed stone pillars

43. 3. Amenhotep IV “The Heretic” 1353 - 1336 BC religious revolution Polytheism to Monotheism many gods one god Aton provider of entire world (new god) sun disc *symbol Akenaton It goes well with Aton Amenhotep changed his name to this

44. Amenhotep

45. 4. Queen Nefertiti “The beautiful one that has come” wife of Amenhotep IV restored polytheism?

46. 5. King Tutankhamen 1332 - 1322 BC King Tut / Boy King died at age 18 Howard Carter 1922 AD discovered Tut's Tomb at Valley of Kings 3,200 years untouched 5,000 works of art

47. Howard Carter

55. Curse of the Pharaohs death to those who enter the tomb Lord Carnarvon Lord Carnarvon, who funded the Tutankhamun excavation in 1922, died a year later. As he died, the lights in Cairo failed and his dog back home howled. "It's a curse!" superstitious people claimed.

56. 6. Ramses II “Ramses the Great” strongest of Pharoahs 1304 BC – 1237 BC war vs. Hittites 1st written treaty in history 1280 BC

66. Moses 1263 BC *led Hebrew Exodus from Egypt

67. 7. Civil Wars 1090 BC power declines / allowed invasions Sea Peoples Assyrians Persians

68. 8. Alexander the Great 331 BC conquered Egypt

69. 9. Cleopatra 31 BC *last Pharaoh of Egypt

70. Alexandria *3 rd capital city and last of Ancient Egypt Lighthouse at Alexandria

72. Augustus Caesar defeated Cleopatra Egypt became Province of Rome

73. IV. Egyptian Gods Amon-Re 1. Amon-Re Sun God

74. Osiris 2. Osiris God of Nile & underworld judge of the dead

75. Isis 3. Isis wife of Osiris brought him back to life

76. Horus 4. Horus Falcon god God of Heaven

77. 5. Anubis god of embalming jackal head

78. 6. Hapi god of Nile flooding

79. B. Maat *divine cosmic principle of universe keeps truth & justice in world sacred animals: cat, bull, crocodile, & scarab beetle

80. C. Life after Death Book of the Dead Spells & prayers Negative confession Good actions

81. Osiris weighed your sins using a feather Feather *symbol of truth

82. Happy Field of Food *Egyptian Heaven Eater of Dead destroyed soul if bad

83. D. Mummification Embalming & drying corpse Physical body & Ka spiritual body

85. Canopic Jars held internal organs

87. Natron salt used to dry body

88. Hatshepsut

89. Nefertiti

90. V. Social Classes A. Pharaoh B. Priests & Nobles C. Middle Class merchants artisans doctors skilled workers D. Peasants E. Slaves

92. VI. Accomplishments A. Hieroglyphics “Sacred Signs” system of writing pictograms symbols for words 700 ideograms

95. Rosetta Stone 1799 Jean Champollion translated stone

96. Champollion

97. B. Papyrus reed used make paper

98. Papyrus

99. C. Engineering * greatest builders ancient times

100. D. Heliopolis “City of the Sun” center for learning