1. Hardware for Educators
Chapter 4
Hardware for Educators

2. Chapter Objectives Describe the system unit
Define the term bit and describe how a series of bits are used to represent data
Identify the major components of the system unit and explain their functions
Explain how the CPU uses the four steps of a machine cycle to process data
Describe the four types of input as well as input devices and pointing devices
List the characteristics of a keyboard and identify various types of keyboards
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

3. Chapter Objectives Differentiate among the four types of output
Identify different types of output devices
Explain differences among various types of printers
Differentiate between storage and memory
Identify types of storage media and devices
Differentiate between CDs, DVDs, and BDs
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

4. The System Unit System unit
Boxlike case that houses the electronic components a computer uses to process data
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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6. The Components of the System Unit
The Motherboard
Contains many of the electronic components
Chip
A small piece of semiconducting material usually no bigger than one-half-inch square and is made up of many layers of circuits and microscopic components that carry electronic signals
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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8. The Components of the System Unit
CPU
Interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer
Microprocessor manages most of a computer’s operations
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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10. The Components of the System Unit
The Control Unit
A component of the CPU that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer
Fetch - get the next instruction from memory
Decode - translate the instruction
Execute - carry out the command
Store the result - write the result to memory
Machine cycle
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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12. The Components of the System Unit
The Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Performs the execution part of the machine cycle
Arithmetic (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division)
Comparison (greater than, equal to, less than)
Logical (AND, OR, NOT)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

13. The Components of the System Unit
The System Clock
Synchronizes all computer operations
Each tick is called a clock cycle
Faster clock means more instructions the CPU can execute each second
Speed measured in gigahertz (GHz)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

14. The Components of the System Unit
Memory
Used to store data and instructions
The operating system and other system software
Application software
Data being processed by application programs
Bytes are stored at specific locations or addresses
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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16. The Components of the System Unit
Memory
Size of memory is measured by the number of bytes available
Volatile memory – contents are lost when the computer is turned off
Nonvolatile memory – contents are not lost when the computer is turned off
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

17. The Components of the System Unit
Random Access Memory (RAM)
The memory chips in the system unit
When the computer starts, certain operating system files are loaded from a storage device into RAM
Synchronous Dynamic RAM (SDRAM)
Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

18. The Components of the System Unit
Random Access Memory (RAM)
RAM Chips
Smaller in size than processor chips
Commonly hold up to 4 gigabytes of memory
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

19. The Components of the System Unit
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Configuring RAM
The more RAM, the more programs and files a computer can work on at once
Software usually tells you how much RAM is required
For an application to perform optimally, you usually need more than the minimum specifications
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

20. The Components of the System Unit
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Cannot be modified
Contents not lost when the computer is turned off
Flash Memory
Type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased electronically and rewritten on
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

21. The Components of the System Unit
Expansion Slots and Expansion Cards
Expansion slot
A socket on the motherboard that can hold an expansion card
Add new devices or capabilities to the computer
Expansion card
Circuit board that enhances functions of a system component and/or provides connections to peripherals
Plug and Play
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

22. The Components of the System Unit
Removable Memory Devices
Flash memory cards
USB flash drives
PC Cards
ExpressCard modules
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

23. The Components of the System Unit
Ports and Connectors
Port
Point of attachment to the system unit
Usually on the back and front of the system unit
Connectors
Used to plug into ports
Male connectors
Female connectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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25. The Components of the System Unit
Ports and Connectors
USB
USB 2.0
USB 3.0
FireWire
Bluetooth
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

26. What is Input?
Any data or instructions you enter into the memory of a computer
Data – unprocessed items
Programs - series of instructions that tells the computer how to perform a task
Commands - an instruction given to a computer program
User responses - responses to questions or messages from the software
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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28. What are Input Devices?
Any hardware component that allows you to enter data, programs, commands, and user responses into a computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

29. What are Input Devices? The Keyboard Typing area Numeric keypad
Toggle keys
Status lights
Arrow keys - arrow control keys
Function keys
Specialized buttons
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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31. What are Input Devices? Pointing Devices
An input device that allows you to control a pointer on the screen
Block arrow
I-beam
Pointing hand
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

32. What are Input Devices? Pointing Devices Mouse One or two button mouse
Scroll wheel
Moving the mouse pointer
Clicking
Dragging
Double-clicking
Optical mouse
Wireless mouse
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

33. What are Input Devices? Touchpad and Pointing Stick
Touchpad – small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure and motion
Pointing Stick – pressure-sensitive pointing device shaped like a pencil eraser
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

34. What are Input Devices? Pointing Devices Trackball
Like a mouse, but the ball mechanism is on top
Requires frequent cleaning
Good when you have limited desk space
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

35. What are Input Devices? Pointing Devices Joystick Wheel
Uses the movement of a vertical lever
Often used with games
Wheel
Steering-wheel type input device
Used to simulate driving a car or other vehicle
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

36. What are Input Devices? Pointing Devices Touch and multi-touch screens
Monitor has a touch sensitive panel
Used to issue simple commands or choose from a list of options
Some models of desktop and notebook computers, all tablet computers, and many mobile devices have touch screens
Kiosks
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

37. What are Input Devices? Optical Scanners
Captures an entire page of text or images such as photographs or artwork electronically
Converts the text or image on the original document into digital data that can be stored on a storage medium and processed by the computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

38. What are Input Devices? Pen Input
Users write, draw, and tap on a flat surface to enter input
Stylus – small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but uses pressure instead of ink
Digital pen – slightly larger than a stylus and provides more functionality
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

39. What are Input Devices? Digital Cameras
Allows you to take pictures and store the photographed images digitally
Download, or transfer, pictures to your computer
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

40. What are Input Devices? Audio and Video Input Audio input
Entering speech, music, or sound effects
Sound card
Speech Recognition
Computer’s capability of distinguishing spoken words
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

41. What are Input Devices? Audio and Video Input Video input
Capturing a full-motion recording onto a computer and storing the video on a computer’s storage medium
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

42. What are Input Devices?
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

43. What is Output? Text Graphics Audio Video
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

44. What are Output Devices?
Any computer component capable of conveying information to the user
Commonly used output devices
Display devices
Printers
Data projectors
Facsimile machines
Multifunction devices
Interactive whiteboards
Speakers, headphones, and earphones
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

45. What are Output Devices?
Display Devices
Screen housed in a plastic or metal case
Variety of sizes
Cathode ray tube (CRT)
Pixels
Flat-panel displays
LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors
LCD screens
Plasma monitors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

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47. What are Output Devices?
Plasma Monitors
Some can measure more than 150 inches wide
Uses gas plasma technology, which sandwiches a layer of gas between two glass plates
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

48. What are Output Devices?
Monitor Quality
Resolution (sharpness and clarity)
Expressed as number of columns and rows
1600 x 1200
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

49. What are Output Devices?
Televisions
iPad users can stream their music, photos, and videos wirelessly to a display device using AppleTV and AirPlay
With game consoles, such as Microsoft’s Xbox 360, Nintendo’s Wii, and Sony’s PlayStation 3, the output device often is a television
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

50. What are Output Devices?
Printers
An output device that produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper or transparency film
Hard copy (printout)
Portrait orientation vs. landscape orientation
Printing requirements vary
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

51. What are Output Devices?
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

52. What are Output Devices?
Nonimpact Printers
Do not strike paper
Much quieter
Ink-jet printers
Spray tiny drops of ink onto the paper
Both black-and-white and color
Photo printers
Produce photo lab quality pictures
Many use ink-jet technology
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

53. What are Output Devices?
Nonimpact Printers
Laser printers
High-speed, high-quality nonimpact printer
Very high quality resolution
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

54. What are Output Devices?
Data Projectors
Allows an audience to view output
LCD projectors
Digital light processing (DLP) projector
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

55. What are Output Devices?
Facsimile (Fax) Machine
Used to transmit and receive an image of a document over a telephone line
Stand-alone
Fax modem
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

56. What are Output Devices?
Multifunction Devices
Can print, scan, copy and fax
Less space
Lower cost than separate units
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

57. What are Output Devices?
Interactive whiteboards
Touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase board
A presenter controls the computer program used to display the image by:
Clicking a remote control
Touching the whiteboard
Drawing on or erasing the whiteboard
Writing on a special tablet
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

58. What are Output Devices?
Speakers, Headphones, and Earphones
Voice output
Audio output device
Internal speaker
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

59. What is Storage?
The media on which data, instructions, and information are kept
The devices that record and retrieve data, instructions, and information
Similar to a filing cabinet
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

60. Storage Media and Devices
Storage medium
Also called secondary storage
Physical material
Storage device
Mechanism used to record and retrieve these items to and from a storage medium
Capacity measured in megabytes or gigabytes
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

61. Storage Media and Devices
Magnetic Disk
Uses magnetic patterns to store data, instructions, and information on the disk’s surface
Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing by organizing the disk into storage locations called tracks and sectors
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

62. Storage Media and Devices
Hard Disks
Provide large storage capacity
Sizes range from 320 GB to 1.5 TB
Consists of several inflexible, circular disks, called platters
Magnetic storage device
Formatting
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

63. Storage Media and Devices
Miniature and Portable Hard Disks
Miniature hard disks are found in consumer electronics and have greater storage capacities than flash memory
External hard disks connect to a USB or FireWire port by a cable
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

64. Storage Media and Devices
Solid State Drives
A storage device that typically uses flash memory to store data, instructions, and information and contains no moving parts
Range in size from 16 GB to 512 GB
Used in all types of computers
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

65. Storage Media and Devices
Optical discs
Type of storage medium that consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written to and read from using a laser
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

66. Storage Media and Devices
CDs and DVDs
Optical storage media
Used to distribute software
Laser reads pits on the surface
Used on multimedia computers
Several types
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

67. Storage Media and Devices
Care of Optical Discs
Can last up to 100 years if properly cared for
Never bend a disc
Avoid extreme temperatures and humidity
Keep away from contaminants
Do not stack or touch discs
Use a protective case (jewel box or disc storage case)
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

68. Storage Media and Devices
CD-ROM
Compact disc read-only memory
Can contain text, graphics, video, as well as sound
Can hold up to 1 GB
Used to distribute software
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

69. Storage Media and Devices
CD-R and CD-RW
Compact disc-recordable
Can write on each part of the disc only one time
Cannot be erased
Compact disc-rewriteable
Can write on multiple times
Erasable disc
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

70. Storage Media and Devices
DVD and BD
Digital video disc read-only memory (DVD-ROM)
Can store from 4.7 GB to 17 GB
High quality
DVD-ROM drives
BD (Blu-ray Disc) has storage capacities of 100GB, with expectations of exceeding 200 GB
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

71. Storage Media and Devices
Miniature Mobile Storage Media
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

72. Storage Media and Devices
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

73. Storage Media and Devices
USB Flash Drive
Storage device that plugs into a USB port on a computer or mobile device
Smart Card
Similar in size to a credit card
Stores data on a thin microprocessor embedded in the card
Cloud Storage
Rapidly growing Internet service that provides storage to computer users
Apple’s iCloud
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators

74. Storage Media and Devices
Chapter 4: Hardware for Educators