1. Exploring Photography: An Introduction to Cameras Pinhole, Film, Digital Created by Nicole Schrensky click the camera to begin

2. Welcome to the wonderful world of photography! After completing this program you will be able to: Identify different types of cameras Explain how these cameras are different Understand how the cameras work

3. How to use this presentation Clicking this arrow will move you forward This arrow will move you back to the previous page Clicking the camera at anytime will take you to the main menu

4. Main Menu

5. Terms to Know We need to be familiar with common photographic terms Click on the term to see the definition ApertureFocus CameraLens ExposureShutter Film

6. Aperture The aperture is the size of the hole in the lens that light may enter through. The size of the aperture is referred to as the f-stop.

7. Lens The lens is the glass that collects and focuses the light as it enters the camera. Click on the video below to quickly learn about three different camera lenses!

8. Shutter The shutter is a set of curtains that opens to let light into the camera. The speed these curtains open and close determines how much light may enter the camera.

9. Exposure The exposure is the amount of light that enters the camera and is collected by the film or sensor.

10. Film Film is a piece of plastic that is coated with emulsion. Emulsion is light sensitive and records any light that hits it.

11. Focus The focus is the sharpest and most defined area of a photograph. The focus can be changed by adjusting the focal length of the lens.

12. Camera A camera is a light proof box. This means no light can get in! Within it is light sensitive film or a digital sensor that reacts to the light let in by the shutter.

13. Pinhole Dissecting the camera. How it works. Different types. Qualities of an image.

14. Pinhole Cameras A pinhole camera is a very basic camera. It has no lens and only one aperture. Every pinhole camera is different and as a result every pinhole image is too!

15. Dissecting the Camera A pinhole camera has three main parts: 1.The light tight chamber-most commonly a cardboard box 2.The image plane-where the film is placed 3.The pinhole-where the light enters the box

16. How it Works 1.The shutter is lifted and the pinhole is exposed 2.Light reflects off of the objects in front of the camera and enters the pinhole 3.The light sensitive paper or film on the image plane collects the light 4.The image is recorded upside down and backwards on the film or paper 5.The shutter is placed over the pinhole to prevent more light from entering

17. Camera Obscura Pinhole cameras were created based off of the knowledge of camera obscura. Camera obscura is the term used to describe the way light flips and the colors invert when it enters through the pinhole. This is why film contains negative images!

18. Camera Obscura Here’s a fun fact: If you were to have a black room with no light leaks and you cut a hole the size of a quarter in one of the walls, the outside image would reflect onto the opposite wall upside down and inverted!

19. Qualities of a Pinhole Image There are three main aspects of a pinhole image: 1.Light Leaks 2.Overlap 3.Vignette

20. Light Leaks Light leaks occur when the camera is not light-tight. Light enters the camera through seems or cracks and it appears on the image as an over exposed mark. They may also occur once the film is out of the camera if the film is not rolled tightly.

21. Overlap Some pinhole cameras cause images to overlap. This means that the film was not fully advanced after a frame was shot so one frame lays partially on the other. This can also be called double exposure.

22. Vignette The vignette of a photograph refers to the edges when they are faded or blacked out. This occurs because of the edges of the pinhole. It can also be done by exposing the sides of the film when it is rolled up.

23. Types of Pinhole Cameras Because pinhole cameras are so simple they can be made of almost anything! 2 of the most popular pinhole cameras that can be bought are:

24. Now you will be asked a few questions about pinhole cameras For this section simply click the answer you think is right!

25. Pinhole cameras are very technologically advanced. TrueFalse

26. Sorry but that’s not the correct answer. Remember, pinhole cameras can be made out of a box! Click to go back and try again

27. Correct! Pinhole cameras are very basic. Click to move to the next question

28. When light enters through a small hole, the image is upside down and inverted. This is called… a.Light Inverno b.Camera Obscura c.Image Obscura d.Light Flip

29. I’m sorry but that is not the correct answer. Click to go back and try again

30. I’m sorry but that is not the correct answer. Click to go back and try again

31. I’m sorry but that is not the correct answer. Click to go back and try again

32. Correct! Camera obscura cause the image to invert when passing through a tiny opening. Click to continue

33. Congrats! You’ve completed pinhole cameras! Return to the main menu to select a different camera!

34. Film Dissecting the camera. How it works. Different types. Qualities of an image

35. Film Cameras A film camera exposes light to light sensitive film in order to record an image. The film must then be developed in order to see the images.

36. Dissecting the Camera

37. How it Works 1.Light enters the camera through the lens. 2.The light is reflected off of a mirror system so the image can be shown in the view finder. 3.The shutter released is pushed an the shutter opens. 4.Light enters through the shutter and hits the film. 5.The film collects the image. 6.The film advances to the next frame.

38. Qualities of a Film Image There are 3 common qualities that can be found in film images: 1.Noise 2.Highlights 3.Resolution

39. Noise If an image has noise this means it has random marks of light or lack there of in what should be a smooth area. Sometimes it adds to an image as an artistic effect, other times it can be distracting.

40. Highlights The highlights of an image are the lightest areas of the image. The highlights of film images are very similar to what the human eye sees and as a result are very graceful.

41. Resolution Resolution describes the amount of detail/info held in an image. Film photography dominates landscape photography because of this. Digital cameras have a limited amount of memory where as film does not. This means film can hold much more detail.

42. Types of Film Cameras 35mm Medium Format Large Format

43. Now you will be asked a few questions about film cameras For this section simply click the answer you think is correct!

44. Because film cameras are old they produce images that are poor quality with very low resolution. TrueFalse

45. Sorry that is not the correct answer. Remember, film is used for landscape photography! Click to go back and try again

46. Correct! Film has unlimited resolution! Click to continue

47. There are many different types of film cameras for many different types of film TrueFalse

48. Sorry that is not the correct answer. Try again! Click to go back and try again

49. Correct! The three most common sizes of film are 35mm, medium format, and large format. Click to continue

50. Congrats! You’ve completed film cameras! Return to the main menu to select a different camera!

51. Digital Dissecting the camera. How it works. Different types. Qualities of an image

52. Digital Cameras Rather than storing images on film, a digital camera stores images digitally. The images can be downloaded and edited on computers very easily.

53. Dissecting the Camera

54. How it Works A digital camera operates very similarly to a film camera 1.Light enters the camera through the lens. 2.The light is reflected off of a mirror system so the image can be shown in the view finder. 3.The shutter released is pushed an the shutter opens. 4.Light enters through the shutter and hits the sensor. 5.The sensor collects the image and stores it on the digital memory

55. Qualities of a Digital Image There are two very distinct aspects that you may see in some digital images: 1.Pixel 2.Zoom

56. Pixel Digital images are created by tiny squares called pixels. The higher the pixel count the better the image. If an image has a low resolution it has a low pixel count and the individual squares will be visible.

57. Zoom There are two types of zoom, digital and optical. An optical zoom changes the focal length of the lens where as a digital zoom crops the image. Because the image is cropped the pixels become visible.

58. Types of Digital Cameras Two of the most popular types of digital cameras are: 1.Compact 2.SLR (Single Lens Reflector)

59. Compact Compact cameras are the most popular cameras. They are very easy because they use an auto focus lens, auto exposure, and a built in flash. All the user simply has to do is turn it on, point, and shoot. This is why they are often called point and shoot cameras!

60. SLR SLR stands for single-lens reflex. This type of camera uses a mirror and prism system to reflect the light entering the lens to the view finder allowing the photographer to see exactly what will be captured. Although equipped with automatic settings the camera is set up for everything to be manually operated.

61. Now you will be asked a few questions about digital cameras! For this section simply click the answer you think is correct!

62. Digital cameras are easier to use because of today’s technology. True False

63. Correct! Digital cameras are much easier to use because of advances in technology! Click to continue

64. Sorry that is not the correct answer, try again! Click to go back and try again

65. Digital images are made up of tiny squares called… A.Resolution B.Pixels C.Pictorial Squares

66. Sorry that is not the correct answer. The resolution is the size of the image which includes the amount of these tiny squares. Click to go back and try again

67. Correct! The tiny squares are called pixels! Click to continue

68. Sorry, pictorial squares is not the correct answer! Click to go back and try again

69. Congrats! You’ve completed digital cameras! Return to the main menu to select a different camera!

70. Final Evaluation You will now be asked questions to evaluate what you’ve just learned! You may return to the main menu at any point by clicking the camera at the bottom of the screen! Are you ready? Good luck!

71. Define “exposure” A.The amount of light that enters the camera and is collected by the film or sensor B.The most illuminated parts of an image. C.What the photographer sees in the viewfinder

72. Correct! The exposure is the amount of light collected for the image. Click to continue

73. Sorry that is not correct. Try again! Click to go back and try again

74. Sorry that is not correct. Try again! Click to go back and try again

75. What is a shutter? A.The button pushed to take a picture. B.A set of curtains that opens to let light enter the camera. C.The circular piece placed on the lens to protect it from scratches.

76. Sorry that is not correct. Try again! Click to go back and try again

77. Correct! The shutter is a set of curtains that opens and closes allowing light to hit the film or sensor. Click to continue

78. Sorry that is not correct. Try again! Click to go back and try again

79. What type of camera is this? FilmPinholeDigital

80. Sorry that is not the correct answer. Try again! Click to go back and try again

81. Sorry that is not the correct answer. Try again! Click to go back and try again

82. Correct! This is a medium format film camera! Click to continue

83. Which image is an example of double exposure?

84. Sorry that is not the correct answer. Try again! Click to go back and try again

85. Correct! One image was taken on top of another making it a double exposure! Click to continue

86. The black, faded edges of this image is referred to as… Pinhole effectUnderexposureVignette

87. Sorry that is not the correct answer. Try again! Click to go back and try again

88. Sorry that is not the correct answer. Try again! Click to go back and try again

89. Correct! The black faded edges are called vignette. Click to continue

90. Congrats! You’ve completed “Exploring Photography: Cameras”! Now go and explore the world with your camera!