1. Tour of the Cell 1

2. Prokaryote bacteria cells Eukaryote animal cells
Types of cells
________________
________________________
Eukaryote animal cells
Eukaryote plant cells

3. Why organelles? mitochondria chloroplast Golgi ER
________________________________________
specialized functions
cilia or flagella for locomotion
__________________________________________
partition cell into compartments
create different local environments
separate pH, or concentration of materials
distinct & incompatible functions
lysosome & its digestive enzymes
_________________________________________
unique combinations of lipids & proteins
embedded enzymes & reaction centers
chloroplasts & mitochondria
chloroplast
Golgi
Why organelles?
There are several reasons why cells evolved organelles. First, organelles can perform specialized functions. Second, membrane bound organelles can act as containers, separating parts of the cell from other parts of the cell. Third, the membranes of organelles can act as sites for chemical reactions.
Organelles as specialized structures
An example of the first type of organelle is cilia, these short filaments act as "paddles" to help some cells move.
Organelles as Containers
Nothing ever invented by man is as complex as a living cell. At any one time hundreds of incompatible chemical reactions may be occurring in a cell. If the cell contained a uniform mixture of all the chemicals it would not be able to survive. Organelles surrounded by membranes act as individual compartments for these chemical reactions. An example of the second type of organelle is the lysosome. This structure contains digestive enzymes, these enzymes if allowed to float free in the cell would kill it.
Organelle membranes as sites for chemical reactions
An example of the third type of organelle is the chloroplast. The molecules that conduct the light reactions of photosynthesis are found embedded in the membranes of the chloroplast. ER

4. Cells gotta work to live!
What jobs do cells have to do?
______________________
proteins control ____________ cell function
________________________
for daily life
for growth
growth
repair
renewal

5. Cells functions ________________________ read DNA instructions
build proteins
process proteins
folding
modifying
removing amino acids
adding other molecules
e.g, making glycoproteins for cell membrane
address & transport proteins

6. Building Proteins Organelles involved nucleus ribosomes
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus
vesicles
The Protein Assembly Line
Golgi apparatus
nucleus
ribosome ER
vesicles

7. What kind of molecules need to pass through?
histone protein
chromosome
DNA
Nucleus
Function
protects _____________
Structure
________________________
double membrane
membrane fused in spots to create _________
allows large macromolecules to pass through
nuclear
pores
pore
nuclear envelope
nucleolus
What kind of molecules need to pass through?

8. production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
nuclear
membrane 1
production of mRNA from DNA in nucleus
small
ribosomal
subunit
large
cytoplasm
mRNA
nuclear pore 2
mRNA travels from nucleus to ribosome in cytoplasm through nuclear pore

10. Nucleolus Function ____________________________
build ribosome subunits from rRNA & proteins
exit through nuclear pores to cytoplasm & combine to form functional ________________
small
subunit
large subunit
ribosome
rRNA &
proteins
nucleolus

11. Ribosomes Function Structure ______________________ 2 subunits combine
small
subunit
large
Ribosomes
Function
______________________
Structure
2 subunits combine
0.08mm
Ribosomes
Rough ER
Smooth
The genes for rRNA have the greatest commonality among all living things. There is very little difference in the DNA sequence of the rRNA genes in a humans vs. a bacteria.
Means that this function (building of a ribosome) is so integral to life that every cell does it almost exactly the same way.
Change a base and this changes the structure of the RNA which causes it to not function.

12. Types of Ribosomes Free ribosomes Bound ribosomes suspended in cytosol
synthesize proteins that function in cytosol
Bound ribosomes
attached to ______________
________________________
synthesize proteins for export or for membranes
membrane proteins

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Function
_______________________________________
manufactures membranes
synthesis & hydrolysis of many compounds
Structure
membrane connected to nuclear envelope & extends throughout cell
accounts for 50% membranes in eukaryotic cell

14. Types of ER
rough
smooth

15. Smooth ER function Membrane production Many metabolic processes
synthesis
synthesize lipids
oils, phospholipids, steroids & sex hormones
hydrolysis
____________________________into glucose
in liver
_____________________________& poisons
ex. alcohol & barbiturates

16. Membrane Factory Build new membrane synthesize phospholipids
builds membranes
ER membrane expands
bud off & transfer to other parts of cell that need membranes

17. Which cells have lot of rough ER?
Rough ER function
Produce proteins for export out of cell
protein ____________________cells
packaged into ________________for export
Which cells have lot of rough ER?
Which cells have a lot of ER?
protein production cells like pancreas = production of digestive enzymes (rough endoplasmic reticulum from a cell of exocrine pancreas (88000X))

18. Synthesizing proteins
cytoplasm
cisternal
space
mRNA
ribosome
membrane of
endoplasmic reticulum
polypeptide
signal
sequence
ribosome

19. Which cells have lots of Golgi?
Golgi Apparatus
Function
finishes, sorts, tags & ships cell products
like “UPS shipping department”
ships products in ________________
membrane sacs
“UPS trucks”
transport vesicles
secretory
vesicles
Which cells have lots of Golgi?
Cells specialized for secretion?
endocrine glands: produce hormones
pituitary, pancreas, adrenal, testes, ovaries
exocrine glands: produce digestive enzymes & other products
pancreas, mammary glands, sweat glands

20. Golgi Apparatus

21. Vesicle transport vesicle budding from rough ER fusion of vesicle
with Golgi
apparatus
migrating
transport
protein
ribosome

22. Making proteins Putting it together… cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane
transport
vesicle
Golgi
apparatus
smooth ER
rough ER
nuclear pore
nucleus
ribosome
cell
membrane
protein secreted
cytoplasm