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Chapter 11 A.D 570- A.D.1250
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Objectives Describe how geography affected the people of the Arabian Peninsula Explain how Islam Began Identify the main beliefs of Islam
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Arabian Peninsula Bordered by Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf, Red Sea, and Syrian Desert Mostly desert Bedouins Arabian Herders that were nomadic Leader referred as Sheikh Coastal Milder climates to support people & towns Townspeople were traders Mecca is a caravan route across the desert
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Made a living as a caravan trader At age 40, called by Allah to be a prophet and revealed verses for Muhammad to recite Mecca merchant feared teachings of one god would stop the pilgrimages Kaaba Muhammad and follower take a hijrah to Yathrib
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After the move to Yathrib, Muhammad gained many desert tribe followers Mecca submitted to the teachings after several years of war Muhammad destroyed idols in the Kaaba and rededicated it to Allah Through wise policies, tolerance, and force, many converted to new religion Islam
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Based on the idea of only one god…must obey God’s will Islam translates “submission to God” Qur’an is the holy book of Islam Some basic rule to Islam Live humble lives, be tolerant & generous, no eating pork or drinking alcohol Emphasizes the importance of jihad, the struggle to defend the faith Worship at Mosques no furnishings, images of people, or animals Only mats to kneel on
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The profession of faith no god but God Allah Muhammad is the messenger of God The Five daily Prayers ritual of washing and prescribed movements Must face the direction of Mecca Paying zakat Annual tax to help the poor
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Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan Eat or drink nothing from dawn to sunset Reminds them of the importance of self discipline, dependence on the creator, and feeling of the poor Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once meet to pray & perform rituals to remind them of the faith of Abraham
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Objectives Explore how the Muslims expanded their empire Explain how the Islamic community divided
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Abu Bakr was given the title caliph, “successor to the prophet” Brought the Arabic tribes together & spread Islam northward Umar Strong leader w/well run government Conquered non-Muslim territories
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Muslim empire spreads to Syria, Persia, and North Africa Arab policy Entered many treaties w/out battle Tolerant toward other religions Accept Islam or pay extra taxes People who refused demands were killed W/in 100 yrs., Islam spread east to India, west to North Africa, conquered Mediterranean Sea islands
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Infighting over caliph split the Islamic community Mu’awiyah or ‘Ali Sunni Means “way of the prophet” or “habitual practice” Agreed to accept Mu’awiyah Believed that agreement among Muslim people should settle religious matters Shi‛ah Believed that Ali’s descendants ( imams) should decide religious and worldly matters
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Sufi Muslim mystics who tried to live simple lives centered on God Turned away from worldly possessions and success Believed faith in God marked your worth
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General Tariq led Muslim Army that conquered Spain The Moors were Muslims who made Spain their home Ruled parts of Spain for 700 years
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Nomadic people that lived by fighting and raiding Settled into present day Iraq Growing power caused shift away from caliph to sultan By 1200 AD, the Turks had seized Syria, Mesopotamia, parts of Asia Minor, and most of Northern India
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Explain what Muslim society and family life were like Identify Muslim achievements in Science Explain how Islam influenced Arab art and literature
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Location allowed trade with Europe, Asia, and Africa Produced silk, cotton, wool, carpets, metal products Organized into provinces Broken into 3 caliphates Ruled by caliphs in Baghdad, Cairo, and Cordoba
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Family was the core of daily life Lived according to the Qur’an Expected to follow Islamic laws in public and private life Slavery was common Arranged marriages with right to refuse for women Family and mosque responsible for education
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Made advances in the use of herbs, foods, and prepared drugs Advancement in techniques of dissection to study anatomy Correctly diagnosed diseases and New ideas about hygiene Pass examinations to practice medicine Established 1 st school of pharmacy and encyclopedia of known drugs, preparation and effects Established concept of the hospital Al-Razi was the 1 st to clearly describe measles and small pox
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Learned new number system from India Developed Arabic numerals Used decimals in Arab Wrote about al-jabor, which became algebra Spread mathematical ideas to Europe
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Religious art does not show human or animal forms Uses geometric or floral designs Mosques designed to show the glory of Islam and power of the ruler Mosques designed to house thousands of followers A minaret was attached to let a crier call Muslims to worship
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Caliphs were great patrons of the arts Writers lived with the caliphs The story of Scheherazade Stories of Muslim Folktales Known as the collection of The Thousand and One Nights
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