1. Digestive System Anatomy & Physiology

5. Digestive Processes

6. Digestive Organs

9. Mesentary

10. Peritonitis

11. Oral Anatomy Lateral View

12. Cadaver Midsaggital Section of Oral Structures

13. Oral Anatomy Anterior View

14. Tongue Anatomy

15. Taste Bud Anatomy

17. Salivary Glands

18. Cadaver ___ Gland

20. Tooth Anatomy

22. Tooth Eruption

23. Impacted Molar

24. Gingiva

25. Universal Tooth Numbering System

26. Tooth Faces Lingual (Nearest Tongue)Lingual (Nearest Tongue) Facial (Farthest from tongue)Facial (Farthest from tongue) Mesial (Closest to the incisors)Mesial (Closest to the incisors) Distal (Farthest from the incisorsDistal (Farthest from the incisors Occlusal (Grinding surfaceOcclusal (Grinding surface

27. Splanchnic Circulation 25% of Cardiac Output

30. Endoscope

32. Larynx

33. Esophageal Reflux

34. G.E.R.D. (GastroEsophageal Reflux Disease)

35. Gastric Fundus

36. Gastritis due to Helicobacter Pylori

37. Gastric Diverticulum

38. Gastric Polyps

39. Gastric Carcinoma

41. Duodenal Mucosa

42. Duodenal Ulcer

43. Proctologist

44. Testing for Occult Blood

45. Colonoscopy

46. Colonoscopy Administration

49. Caecal Diverticula

50. Descending Colon

51. Tapeworms

52. Ulcerative Colitis (Sigmoid Colon & Rectum)

53. Rectum

54. Anal Hemorrhoids (Piles) Caused by Inflammation of the Superior & Inferior Hemorrhoid Veins

56. Scope Comparison

57. Barium Enema

58. Colostomy & Stoma

60. Colostomy Bag

61. Peristalsis

64. 27 Year Old Male

65. 81 Year Old Male

66. Swallowing

68. Gastric Regions

69. Gastric Anatomy

71. Gastric Cells

72. Gastric Cell FXN’s Goblet cells – produce alkaline mucusGoblet cells – produce alkaline mucus Mucus Neck cells – produce acidic mucusMucus Neck cells – produce acidic mucus Parietal cells – produce HCl & Intrinsic FactorParietal cells – produce HCl & Intrinsic Factor Chief cells – produce pepsinogenChief cells – produce pepsinogen Enteroendocrine cells – produce gastrin, pepsin, cholecystokinin, & somatostatinEnteroendocrine cells – produce gastrin, pepsin, cholecystokinin, & somatostatin

75. Gall Bladder & Pancreas Empty Contents into Duodenum

76. Liver & Pancreas Secretions

78. Liver FXN’s Synthesizes bile (bile salts, biliruben, & cholesterol)Synthesizes bile (bile salts, biliruben, & cholesterol) Stores glucose as glycogenStores glucose as glycogen Stores fat soluble vitamins ADEKStores fat soluble vitamins ADEK

79. Gall Bladder FXN Stores bileStores bile CCK contracts gall bladder secretion of pancreatic juice & relaxation of the sphincter of OddiCCK contracts gall bladder secretion of pancreatic juice & relaxation of the sphincter of OddiPathophysiology Gall stones – too much cholesterol or too few bile salts resulting in cholesterol crystal accumulationGall stones – too much cholesterol or too few bile salts resulting in cholesterol crystal accumulation Obstructional jaundice – bile duct becomes obstructed & bilirubin increases in bloodObstructional jaundice – bile duct becomes obstructed & bilirubin increases in blood

80. Gallstones

81. Bile Salt

82. Pancreas FXN Secretes basic pancreatic juice (pH 7.5-8.0)Secretes basic pancreatic juice (pH 7.5-8.0) Pancreatic Juice (p.j.) Bicarbonate rich p.j. neutralizes HCl in the duodenum (Stimulated by secretin when HCl enters the duodenum)Bicarbonate rich p.j. neutralizes HCl in the duodenum (Stimulated by secretin when HCl enters the duodenum) Enzyme rich p.j. stimulated by CCK when fatty or protein rich foods enter the duodenumEnzyme rich p.j. stimulated by CCK when fatty or protein rich foods enter the duodenumNote Hormones released in inactive form so they don’t digest the pancreasHormones released in inactive form so they don’t digest the pancreas

83. Accessory Organ Ducts & Sphincter

84. H2OH2O CO 2 H 2 CO 3 H+H+ Na + HCO 3 - Na + Blood capillary Pancreatic acinar cell Pancreatic duct Pancreatic secretion of NaHCO 3 (sodium bicarbonate) [simplified]

85. Water & Mineral Digestion

86. Absorption of… Vitamins – A,D,E,K fat soluble (diffuse into blood)A,D,E,K fat soluble (diffuse into blood) B & C water soluble (diffuse into blood)B & C water soluble (diffuse into blood) B12 requires intrinsic factor for diffusion…leads to pernicious anemiaB12 requires intrinsic factor for diffusion…leads to pernicious anemia Electrolytes (Na +, K +, HCO 3 -, Cl - )Electrolytes (Na +, K +, HCO 3 -, Cl - ) Iron – binds to ferratin in mucosal cells & transferrin in the blood for transportIron – binds to ferratin in mucosal cells & transferrin in the blood for transport Calcium – PTH increases ionic calcium & vitamin D aids in absorptionCalcium – PTH increases ionic calcium & vitamin D aids in absorption

87. Lipid Emulsification

88. Lipid Digestion

89. Carbohydrate Digestion

90. Na/K Symport

91. Protein Digestion

92. Brush Border

93. Villi

96. Small Intestine

97. Large Intestine with Mesentery

99. Cecum

100. Anal Sphincter Control

102. Hormonal Control of Digestion (Produced in stomach) Gastrin - HCl secretion & gastric emptyingGastrin - HCl secretion & gastric emptying Serotonin – Contracts gastric muscleSerotonin – Contracts gastric muscle Histamine – HCl release from parietal cellsHistamine – HCl release from parietal cells Pepsinogen – inactive form of pepsin (HCl activated) catabolyzes proteinPepsinogen – inactive form of pepsin (HCl activated) catabolyzes protein Somatostatin – Inhibits:Somatostatin – Inhibits: gastric secretions gastric secretions gastric emptying gastric emptying pancreatic secretions pancreatic secretions intestinal absorption intestinal absorption gall bladder contraction (bile release) gall bladder contraction (bile release)

103. Hormonal Control of Digestion (Produced in Duodenum) Secretin - pancreatic juice secretion & bile outputSecretin - pancreatic juice secretion & bile output Cholecystokinin - pancreatic juice output, contracts gall bladder, & relaxes sphincter of OddiCholecystokinin - pancreatic juice output, contracts gall bladder, & relaxes sphincter of Oddi Gastric inhibitory peptide – inhibits gastric secretion & motilityGastric inhibitory peptide – inhibits gastric secretion & motility Vasoactive intestinal peptide – dilates intestinal capillaries & inhibits HCl productionVasoactive intestinal peptide – dilates intestinal capillaries & inhibits HCl production

104. Hormonal Control of Digestion (Produced by pancreas) Trypsinogen – Inactive form of trypsin (activated by enterokinase) catabolyzes protein to peptidesTrypsinogen – Inactive form of trypsin (activated by enterokinase) catabolyzes protein to peptides Amylase – catabolyzes polysaccharidesAmylase – catabolyzes polysaccharides Lipase – catabolyzes lipidsLipase – catabolyzes lipids Carboxypeptidase – catabolyzes protein to amino acidsCarboxypeptidase – catabolyzes protein to amino acids Chymotrypsin – catabolyzes protein to peptidesChymotrypsin – catabolyzes protein to peptides

107. Metabolic states The absorptive state During & for several hours after a meal Insulin  glucose uptake by cells (from blood)  glycogenesis in liver cells  lipogenesis in fat cells  lipolysis in fat cells Continues until...

108. Metabolic states The postabsorptive state Begins several hours after a meal Glucagon  glycogenolysis  gluconeogenesis  lipolysis in fat cells  lipogenesis in fat cells

109. Feces may indicate health issues Motility / timing Diarrhea Constipation Color / consistency Gray = lack of bile Black/tarry = bleeding (upper) Black = PeptoBismol Red = bleeding (lower)

110. Digestion of Alcohol