1. Ms. Kehoe 9th grade Health
Contraception

2. Misconceptions of Getting Pregnant
Can get pregnant before menstruation
During her period
First Time
Impossible to flush sperm out
Douching may push sperm further into vagina
Can get pregnant even if…Standing, in a tub, or just for a few minutes
Withdrawal – male’s removal of the penis from the vagina before releasing semen- pre- ejaculatory fluid often contains sperm. This method is not considered effective

3. Non- Perscription Birth Control
Condom
Female Condom
Foam, Gel, Suppositories
Fertility Awareness Methods – Natural Family Planning

4. Condom 85–98% EFFECTIVE — nearly 100% with withdrawal
Thin sheath of latex,polyurethane, or animal tissue that is placed on the erect penis to catch semen
Spermicide- chemical that kills sperm that come in contact with it (second line of defense)
Leave space on end (receptacle tip)
Hold onto it when removing penis from vagina
Don’t reuse
Petroleum jelly or hand lotion not to be used – destroys latex
Store in cool, dry place

5. Female Condom
You will follow package instructions and insert a female condom deep in your vagina to keep sperm from joining egg.
79-95% EFFECTIVE — female condom

6. Foam, Gel, Suppositories
Has spermicide in it, applicator inserted into vagina will coat cervix
Gel
Has Spermicide in it, Same idea as foam
Suppositories
Tablet shaped placed into upper vagina, they dissolve and fill the vagina with spermicide
NO more than 30 minutes should lapse before a new application
All of these are the least effective forms of contraception, could be used as a back up method to condom

7. Fertility Awareness Method (FAM) Natural Family Planning
Temperature method: Take your temperature every
morning before getting out of bed. Your temperature
rises on the day of ovulation. It remains at that level until your next period.
Cervical mucus method: Observe the changes in
your cervical mucus. Normally cloudy, tacky mucus will
become clear and slippery in the few days before
ovulation. When this happens you are in your most fertile phase.
You must abstain from vaginal intercourse or use a barrier contraceptive during this time to avoid pregnancy.
Calendar method: Chart your menstrual cycles on a
calendar. You may be able to predict ovulation if your periods
are the same every month. You must abstain or use a barrier
method during your "unsafe days." It will be more difficult to
predict the day of ovulation if the length of your cycle varies from
month to month. In that case, you will have more "unsafe days."
It is best not to rely on this method alone.
It is best to combine the temperature method, the cervical
mucus method, and the calendar method. The combination of
two or more of these methods is called the symptothermal
method.

8. FAM is ineffective if… you have irregular periods
your partner is unwilling to observe periods of abstinence from vaginal intercourse, practice withdrawal, or use barrier methods at unsafe times
you have a sexually transmitted infection or frequent abnormal discharges
you cannot keep careful records

9. Prescription Birth Control
Oral Contraceptive
Diaphragm
Contraceptive Implant (Implanon)
Patch - Ortho Evra
The Ring - NuvaRing
Depo Provera
IUD – Intra Uterine Device

10. Birth Control Pill- Oral Contraception
Effectiveness - The pill is one of the most
effective reversible methods of birth control.
How it works… preventing a woman's ovaries
from releasing eggs (ovulation). They also
thicken the cervical mucus, which keeps sperm
from joining with an egg.
Certain medicines and supplements may
make the pill less effective… the certain antibiotic, certain anti-fungals for yeast
infections, certain anti-HIV protease inhibitors, certain
anti-seizure medications, St. John's Wort, Vomiting
and diarrhea
The pill does not protect against sexually
transmitted infections. Use a latex or female
condom along with the pill to reduce the risk of
infection.

11. Oral Contraception Cont.
Advantages
simple, safe, and convenient
fewer menstrual cramps and lighter periods, offers some protection against pelvic inflammatory disease, does not interfere with having sex
Possible Side Effects
Side effects that usually clear up after two or three months include bleeding between periods ,breast tenderness, headache, nausea, depression, irregular spotting
Once in a while, menstruation is irregular or absent for as long as six months after stopping the pill.

12. Progestin Only Pill (POP) Oral Contraceptive
POPs use a hormone similar to the progesterone made by a woman's ovaries to
% Effective
Not effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or female condoms to reduce the risk.
Advantages
can be used by women who cannot take estrogen, can
be used while breastfeeding, ability to become pregnant returns quickly when use is stopped
Possible Disadvantages
irregular bleeding patterns, headache, nausea, dizziness, sore breasts,
must be taken at the same time of day each day to reduce the risk of
pregnancy and irregular bleeding
COST
$20-$35/monthly pill-pack at drugstores — often less at clinics. $35-
$175/exam.

13. Diaphragm
Your clinician will fit you with a shallow latex cup and insert it in your vagina to keep sperm from joining egg.
Effectiveness %
Not effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or female condoms to reduce the risk.
Advantages no major health concerns, can be used during breastfeeding,
Possible Disadvantages can be messy (spermacide), allergies to latex, silicone, or
spermicide, should not be used during vaginal bleeding or
infection, increased risk of bladder infection, can only be left in
place for up to 24 hours
Cost $15–$75/diaphragm, cap, or shield. $50–$200/examination.
8–$17 for supplies of spermicide jelly or cream.

14. Contraceptive Implant (Implanon)
Uses a hormone similar to the progesterone made by a woman's ovaries to
prevent the ovaries from releasing an egg (ovulation)
thicken cervical mucus to prevent sperm from joining egg
alter the lining of the uterus, which, in theory, may prevent implantation of a fertilized egg
Advantages
can be used by women who cannot take estrogen, can be used
while breastfeeding, gives continuous long-lasting birth control
without sterilization, no pill to take daily, ability to become
pregnant returns quickly when use is stopped
Possible Disadvantages
irregular bleeding patterns, headache, nausea, dizziness, sore breasts,
acne, skin rash, change in appetite, weight gain, depression, hair loss
or increased hair on the face or body, nervousness, and cysts on the
ovaries, pain at insertion site, discoloring or scarring of the skin over
the implants, risks of minor surgery, removal is sometimes difficult

15. Patch- Ortho Prevra Effective, reversible prescription method
It is a thin, beige, plastic patch that sticks to the skin. A new patch is placed on the skin of the buttocks, stomach, upper outer arm, or upper torso once a week for three weeks in a row. No patch is used in the fourth week.
The patch releases synthetic estrogen and progestin to protect against pregnancy for one month.
The hormones in the patch work by preventing a woman's ovaries from releasing eggs (ovulation). They also thicken the cervical mucus, which keeps sperm from joining with an egg.
Pregnancy can happen if an error is made in using the patch — especially if it becomes loose or falls off for more than 24 hours, the same patch is left on the skin for more than one week

16. Patch- Cont. Advantages
The patch protects against pregnancy for one month. And it does not involve taking a daily pill.
Many women who use the Patch have more regular, lighter, and shorter periods. And a woman's ability to become pregnant returns quickly when use of the patch is stopped.
These health benefits may include some protection against
irregular menstrual cycles, infection of the fallopian tubes, ectopic pregnancy, noncancerous breast growths, ovarian cysts, cancer of the ovaries and lining of the uterus, menstrual cramps, iron deficiency anemia that results from heavy menses
Possible Side Effects
bleeding between periods, breast tenderness, changes in mood, headache, nausea,weight gain or loss, depression
skin reaction at the site of application
Effectiveness
Said to be as much or more effective as the pill. (No forgetting to take pill)
Certain medicines and herbs may make the patch less effective.
the antibiotic rifampin, certain anti-fungals taken orally for yeast infections,
certain anti-HIV protease inhibitors, certain medicines used to treat seizures,
mental illness,
Nationwide, the cost of an examination, if needed, ranges from about $35–$175.
The patch costs between $30 and $40 a month.

17. The Ring- NuvaRing
It is a small, flexible ring that is inserted into the vagina once a month. It is left in place for three weeks and taken out for the remaining week. The ring releases synthetic estrogen and progestin to protect against pregnancy for one month.
The combination of hormones usually, it keeps the ovaries from releasing an egg (ovulation)
Pregnancy can happen if an error is made in using the ring
Effectiveness
Although no studies have yet been published, it is assumed that the ring will be more effective than the pill
Certain medicines, including the antibiotic rifampin, certain drugs used to treat mental illness or to control seizures, certain anti-fungals for yeast infections, may make the ring less effective.
It is very important to remember that the ring does not protect against sexually transmitted infections. Always use a latex or female condom with the ring to reduce the risk of infection.

18. The Ring Cont. Advantages
Many women who use the ring have more regular, lighter, and shorter periods. And a woman's ability to become pregnant returns quickly when use of the ring is stopped.
health benefits may include some protection against
irregular menstrual cycles, infection of the fallopian tubes (pelvic inflammatory disease), ectopic pregnancy ) noncancerous breast growths, ovarian cysts, cancer of the ovaries and lining of the uterus, menstrual cramps, iron deficiency anemia that results from heavy menses, acne
Common Side Effects and Disadvantages
bleeding between periods, weight gain or loss, breast tenderness, nausea, changes in mood, increased vaginal discharge, vaginal irritation or infection
The cost of the first visit and/or examination, if needed, ranges from about $35–$125. The ring costs between $30 and $35 a month.

19. Depo-Provera Receive a shot of hormone every 12 weeks from Doctor
uses a hormone similar to the progesterone made by a woman's
ovaries to prevent (ovulation)
% Effective Not effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or female condoms to reduce the risk.
Advantages can be used by women who cannot take estrogen, can be used while
breastfeeding, effective for 12 weeks, no pill to take daily
Possible Disadvantages
irregular bleeding patterns, headache, nausea, dizziness, sore breasts, must
receive injection every three months, loss of monthly period, change of appetite,
weight gain, depression, hair loss, or increased hair on the face or body,
nervousness, skin rash or spotty darkening of the skin, side effects not reversed
until medication wears off (up to 12 weeks), causes temporary bone thinning, may
cause delay in getting pregnant after shots are stopped
COST $20-$40/visits to clinician. $30-$75/injection. Costs vary from community to community, based on regional and local expenses. Some family planning clinics charge according to income.

20. IUD - Intra Uterine Device
Your clinician will put a small plastic device in your uterus
The IUD contains copper or hormones that keep sperm from joining egg
99.2–99.9% Effective Not effective against sexually transmitted infections — use latex or female condoms to reduce the risk.
Advantages of the IUD
ParaGard® (copper IUD) may be left in place for up to 12 years, Mirena®
(hormone IUD) for five years, no pill to take daily, Mirena® may reduce
menstrual cramps, ability to become pregnant returns quickly when IUD is
removed
Possible Disadvantages of the IUD
increase in cramps and heavier and longer periods (copper IUDs), spotting between periods, increased chance of tubal infection leading to infertility if inserted when a woman has a sexually transmitted infection, rarely, wall of uterus is punctured during insertion, rarely, insertion can cause infection
Cost $175–$500/exam, insertion, and follow-up visit.

21. You May Need/Want Emergency Contraception if...
His condom broke. You forgot to take your pill. You weren't using any birth control. He forced you to have unprotected sex.
Emergency Contraception (EC)...
...is designed to prevent pregnancy after unprotected vaginal intercourse.
...is provided in two ways:
Emergency contraception pills — can reduce the risk
of pregnancy if started within 120 hours after unprotected vaginal intercourse. The sooner they're taken, the better. If started within 72 hours, they can reduce the risk of pregnancy by 75 to 89%. Nausea, vomiting, and cramping are common side effects when combined hormones — estrogen and progestin — are used.
Emergency IUD insertion within five days of unprotected intercourse is 99.9% effective.

22. Permanent Methods Sterilization Vasectomy Tubal Ligation
Is a surgical procedure that make a male or female incapable of reproduction
Contraception rates would be low after surgery
Vasectomy
Procedure of sterilization for males
Cut vas deferens top of scrotum
Can be an in office visit or hospital
Tubal Ligation
Cutting and tying of the fallopian tubes
After microsurgery - Limited success in restoring fertility