1. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20021 Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) for Earth Sciences Prof. Thomas Herring, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA USA tah@mit.edu http://www-gpsg.mit.edu/~tah tah@mit.eduhttp://www-gpsg.mit.edu/~tah

2. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20022 Introduction Earth Science applications of global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) place some the most stringent requirements on the accuracy of these systems. Application areas: –Studies of Earth deformation: millimeter accuracy positioning required –Support for global Earth science applications: Global distribution of tracking networks needed to determine accurate orbits for GNSS satellites. –Studies of atmospheric effects: Analysis of propagation delays of signals

3. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20023 Topics to be addressed Tectonics of the African region –Global setting: Northern motion toward Eurasia –East Africa rift system: Volcanism –Convergence in Northern Africa Examples of deformation studies with the Global Positioning System (GPS) Examples of atmospheric delay studies Contributions to the global applications

4. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20024 Global tectonic setting Major tectonic elements: –Africa moves north relative to Eurasia (name of the combined Europe and Asian tectonic plates) at ~10 mm/yr –To the west the mid-Atlantic ridge is opening at rate of ~20 mm/yr –To the east the rapidly move Indian Plate is converging on the Eurasian Plate at ~45 mm/yr –To the north east the Arabian plate is converging on Eurasia at ~25 mm/yr –The eastern part of Africa is being rifted by the East African Rift. Consequences of these motions are earthquakes and volcanoes. 10 mm/yr=1 meter of motion in 100 years

5. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20025 Global Plate motions -Convergence of Africa and Europe -Proposed Somalia Plate -Spreading of mid-Atlantic Ridge -Features of plate tectonics evident is earthquake pattern

6. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20026 Earthquakes 1977-1997 -North African events are collision events -Events in East Africa are associated with rifting -Southern boundary of rift system not distinct

7. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20027 Largest events in Africa marked. Catalog Source National Earthquake Information System http://neic.usgs.gov/ Locations of earthquakes since 1900

8. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20028 Major African Volcanic Features Red triangles are volcanoes Dashed lines mark the East African Rift Zone Volcanic activity associated with rift zone and motion of Arabian Plate Oldoinyo Lengai

9. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 20029 Role of GNSS Modern GNSS (particularly GPS) allow the measurement of strain accumulation that can lead to earthquakes. Particularly areas outside of obvious deformation zones (intraplate earthquakes) Analysis of GNSS series of measurements after earthquakes (post seismic motion) reveals information about forces and material properties associates with earthquakes. Occurrence of some earthquakes, affect where future events where future events will occur (stress transients) Volcanic systems often have precursory signals as pressure builds in magma chamber

10. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200210 GNSS and geodetic systems in Africa African plate region has 5 GPS systems that regularly supply data to the International GPS service (IGS) There are 5 other systems that occasionally supply data but these systems are to irregular in data transmission to meet the IGS data processing deadlines. One new system installed in Lusaka in March 2002 and became operational in June 2002. One system in South Africa has a very long baseline system (VLBI) as well. One of limited number of global co-located sites

11. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200211 Example of VLBI/GPS system Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory VLBI System GPS Antenna

12. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200212 Results from African GPS sites Following figures give results from the African GPS sites expressed as velocity vectors (the rates at which the stations are moving). Since all the tectonic plates move relative to each other, when the results are plotted we show them relative to a fixed plate. For African results we choose either a Eurasia-fixed or African fixed frame. We can also compare the measured results with geologic estimates (last 1Myr). For Africa-Eurasian collision, convergence rate from geology differs from geodesy.

13. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200213 Motion of Africa relative to Eurasia Northward motion of Africa Rapid motions in parts of the convergence zone 95% confidence error ellipses

14. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200214 Motion relative to Geologic Africa Notice in “geologic” frame sites move south, indicating geologic rate too fast, partly due Somalia plate not modeled well in geology Motion of Africa needed for geophysical modeling

15. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200215 GPS Defined African Plate Within the current uncertainties of the measurements, plate is reasonably stable but some sites have only been operating for ~1 year Extension between Kenya and Cabon suggested but longer time series needed

16. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200216 Some details of Northern Collision Measured GPS Motions in Turkey and Greece Continuously operating GPS systems allow these types of dense networks Note difference in scale of velocity vectors from previous plots

17. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200217 Meteorological Applications GPS measurements are not only sensitive to the positions of the GPS antenna but also the medium through which the GPS signals propagate Three main contributions: –Charged particle layer called ionosphere; variations effect radio communications and power grids. GPS networks can be used monitor variations and warn of on coming ionospheric storms (dual frequency measurements) –Neutral Atmosphere (Oxygen/Nitrogen mainly). Delays well modeled by surface pressure measurements –Water vapor delay: GPS very sensitive and water vapor most uncertain meteorological forecast models. Still being evaluated by GPS helps in predicting severe storms.

18. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200218 Example of real-time 2-hr water vapor measurements Available from http://www.suominet.ucar.edu/

19. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200219 Requirements for GPS network GPS equipment costs about $10,000US but continued operation is most costly aspect Continuously operating sites need: –Power (modern receivers need 2-8 Watts at 12-volts) –Communications (about 1Mbyte per day for 30-sec sampling) –Security (site needs protection from theft and damage (sometimes natural) –Antenna must be securely connected to the Earth. Major problems in areas of no bedrock. Sediments move by tens of millimeter when water is withdrawn. –Antenna needs a clear view of the sky. Vegetation growth can affect the accuracy of measurements (again tens of millimeters)

20. July 17, 2002Zambia GNSS Earth Science 200220 Conclusions Primary application GNSS in Earth Science is deformation measurement. Continuously operating networks supply direct measurements of deformation but also: –Support densification of networks using occasional occupations –Contribute to GNSS orbit determination which improves accuracy in regions with continuous stations –Can be used to support other GNSS applications with real-time telemetry of data. –For near-time systems support meteorological applications. Earthquakes, volcanoes and weather systems do not know political boundaries: Earth science applications of GNSS help everyone in a region.