1. Atomic Orbitals Shapes and Energies

2. Objectives When you complete this presentation, you will be able to... compare s and p orbitals in terms of their shape order the s, p, d and f orbitals in terms of... energy number of possible electrons

3. Introduction The Bohr model of the atom had electrons in circular orbitals around the nucleus. We were able to find the energy between those orbitals by using the emission and absorption spectra of atoms. E = hν, where E is energy, h is Planck’s constant, and ν is the frequency of the photon emitted or absorbed. We saw that the potential energy increases and the difference in energy decreases as we move away from the nucleus.

4. Introduction The Schrödinger Equation describes the position of the electron in terms of total and potential energy. The equation gives the position as a likelihood - a probability. This then leads to the concept of the orbital as an electron cloud. An electron cloud is the volume of space that contains an electron. Different kinds of clouds are at different energy levels.

5. Orbitals There are different kinds of orbitals that make up each energy level. Each energy level is assigned a principal quantum number. From 1 to 7 This is the same as the number of periods in the periodic table. This is no coincidence. Each energy level is called a “shell.”

6. Orbitals The 1 st shell contains one orbital: the 1s orbital. The 2 nd shell contains two orbitals: the 2s orbital. the 2p orbital. The 3 rd shell contains three orbitals: the 3s orbital the 3p orbital the 3d orbital

7. Orbitals The 4 th shell contains four orbitals: the 4s orbital. the 4p orbital. the 4d orbital. the 4f orbital. And, so on. In actual practice, the 5 th shell only contains four orbitals (the s, p, d, and f orbitals), the 6 th shell only contains three orbitals (the s, p, and d orbitals), and the 7 th shell only contains two orbitals (the s and p orbitals).

8. Orbitals Each orbital has its own: shape number of suborbitals maximum number of electrons energy level

9. Orbital Shapes The s orbital has one suborbital and it is shaped like a sphere. The s orbital is perfectly symmetrical in all axes.

10. Orbital Shapes The p orbital has three suborbitals and they are shaped like dumbbells. Each p orbital is symmetrical to its particular axis.

11. Orbital Shapes The d orbital has five suborbitals and they are shaped like 3D clover leaves. Each d orbital is symmetrical to its particular plane.

12. Orbital Shapes The f orbital has seven suborbitals and they are shaped like... ? Each d orbital is symmetric in 3-dimensional space.

13. Orbital Shapes We only need to remember the shapes of the s and p orbitals.

14. Suborbitals and Electrons Each orbital has a specific number of suborbitals available for electrons. The s-orbital has 1. The p-orbital has 3. The d-orbital has 5. The f-orbital has 7. Each of the suborbitals can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

15. Suborbitals and Electrons Therefore, each orbital has a maximum number of electrons. The s-orbital has 2 e - maximum (1 orbital × 2 e - /orbital). The p-orbital has 6 e - maximum (3 orbitals × 2 e - /orbital). The d-orbital has 10 e - maximum (5 orbitals × 2 e - /orbital). The f-orbital has 14 e - maximum (7 orbitals × 2 e - /orbital).

16. Suborbitals and Electrons This corresponds to the width of each group on the periodic table. The s block (Groups 1 and 2) is 2 elements wide.

17. Suborbitals and Electrons This corresponds to the width of each group on the periodic table. The p block (Groups 13 - 18) is 6 elements wide.

18. Suborbitals and Electrons This corresponds to the width of each group on the periodic table. The d block (Groups 3 - 12) is 10 elements wide.

19. Suborbitals and Electrons This corresponds to the width of each group on the periodic table. The f block (lanthanides and actinides) is 14 elements wide.

20. Orbitals and Energy Each of the orbitals has an energy associated with it. s-orbitals always have the lowest energy in a shell. p-orbitals always have the next lowest energy in a shell. d-orbitals always have the next lowest energy in a shell. f-orbitals always have the highest energy in a shell.

21. Orbitals and Energy We can do a diagram of the estimated energies of the shells and orbitals like this. 1 st shell 2 nd shell 3 rd shell 4 th shell 1s1s 2s2s 2p2p 3s3s 3p3p 3d3d 4s4s 4p4p 4d4d 4f4f Lower energy Higher energy Actually, it is a little more complicated than this. But this gives you a good idea of the energy distribution in the electron shells of an atom.

22. Orbitals and Energy In reality, the upper orbitals of 3rd shell and above are higher energy than the lowest orbital of the next higher shell. 1s1s 2s2s 2p2p 3s3s 3p3p 3d3d 4s4s 4p4p 4d4d 4f4f Energy

23. Orbitals and Energy 1s1s 2s2s 2p2p 3s3s 3p3p 3d3d 4s4s 4p4p 4d4d 4f4f Energy 5s5s 5p5p 5d5d 5f5f 6s6s 6p6p 6d6d 7s7s 7p7p From lowest energy to highest energy: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p This looks complicated. It would be complicated if we had to memorize this. But, we don’t. The periodic table is arranged in just this way.

24. Orbitals and Energy We start with 1s. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

25. Orbitals and Energy We go to 2s. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

26. Orbitals and Energy Then to 2p. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

27. Orbitals and Energy Then to 3s. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

28. Orbitals and Energy Then to 3p. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

29. Orbitals and Energy Then to 4s. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

30. Orbitals and Energy Then to 3d. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

31. Orbitals and Energy Then to 4p. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

32. Orbitals and Energy Then to 5s. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

33. Orbitals and Energy Then to 4d. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

34. Orbitals and Energy Then to 5p. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

35. Orbitals and Energy Then to 6s. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

36. Orbitals and Energy Then to 4f. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

37. Orbitals and Energy Then to 5d. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

38. Orbitals and Energy Then to 6p. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

39. Orbitals and Energy Then to 7s. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

40. Orbitals and Energy Then to 5f. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

41. Orbitals and Energy Then to 6d. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

42. Orbitals and Energy And, finally, to 7p. 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p

43. Orbitals and Energy To follow the periodic table, we need to remember a couple of things. s-orbitals begin in the 1 st shell. ➀

44. Orbitals and Energy To follow the periodic table, we need to remember a couple of things. p-orbitals begin in the 2 nd shell. ➀ ➁

45. Orbitals and Energy To follow the periodic table, we need to remember a couple of things. d-orbitals begin in the 3 rd shell. ➀ ➁ ➂

46. Orbitals and Energy To follow the periodic table, we need to remember a couple of things. f-orbitals begin in the 4 th shell. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

47. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for oxygen, O ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

48. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for oxygen, O, we go 1s ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

49. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for oxygen, O, we go 1s, 2s ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

50. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for oxygen, O, we go 1s, 2s, 2p. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

51. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. Oxygen has electrons in the 2p orbital. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

52. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

53. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu, we go 1s ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

54. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu, we go 1s, 2s ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

55. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu, we go 1s, 2s, 2p ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

56. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu, we go 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

57. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu, we go 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

58. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu, we go 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,4s ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

59. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. For example, for copper Cu, we go 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,4s, 3d. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

60. Orbitals and Energy If we want to find the orbitals available for an element, we just follow the periodic table. Copper has electrons in the 3d orbital. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

61. Orbitals and Energy We don’t need to use the whole table if we remember where to start our count (s at 1, p at 2, d at 3, and f at 4). For example, lead, Pb: ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

62. Orbitals and Energy We don’t need to use the whole table if we remember where to start our count (s at 1, p at 2, d at 3, and f at 4). For example, lead, Pb: 2p ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

63. Orbitals and Energy We don’t need to use the whole table if we remember where to start our count (s at 1, p at 2, d at 3, and f at 4). For example, lead, Pb: 2p, 3p ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

64. Orbitals and Energy We don’t need to use the whole table if we remember where to start our count (s at 1, p at 2, d at 3, and f at 4). For example, lead, Pb: 2p, 3p, 4p ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

65. Orbitals and Energy We don’t need to use the whole table if we remember where to start our count (s at 1, p at 2, d at 3, and f at 4). For example, lead, Pb: 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

66. Orbitals and Energy We don’t need to use the whole table if we remember where to start our count (s at 1, p at 2, d at 3, and f at 4). For example, lead, Pb: 2p, 3p, 4p, 5p, 6p. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

67. Orbitals and Energy We don’t need to use the whole table if we remember where to start our count (s at 1, p at 2, d at 3, and f at 4). Lead has electrons in the 6p orbital. ➀ ➁ ➂ ➃

68. Summary There are different orbitals that make up each energy level. Each level is assigned a principal quantum number from 1 to 7 Each level is called a “shell.” Each orbital has its own shape, number of suborbitals, maximum number of electrons, and energy level.

69. Summary We only need to remember the shapes of the s and p orbitals. Each orbital has a specific number of suborbitals available for electrons, the s-orbital has 1, the p- orbital has 3, the d-orbital has 5, the f-orbital has 7. Each of the suborbitals can hold a maximum of 2 electrons.

70. Summary Therefore, each orbital has a maximum number of electrons: the s-orbital has 2 maximum, the p-orbital has 6 maximum, the d-orbital has 10 maximum, and the f-orbital has 14 maximum. Each of the orbitals has an energy associated with it: s-orbitals always have the lowest energy in a shell, p-orbitals always have the next lowest energy in a shell, d-orbitals always have the next lowest energy in a shell, and f-orbitals always have the highest energy in a shell. The periodic table is arranged in a way to be able to tell how the energies of orbitals and shells are arranged.