2. History Ecology of the river in the past and in the present Colorado River Compact 1922 Past and present use – major projects along the river Physical history – climate and its effect over the last century (Link Group 2)

3. Flow Measurement & Distribution Control and measurement of flow Water rationing – equitable distribution (Who gets the water?) Irrigation (Link Group 4) Diversions and canals Output to Mexico (What can be done about it?)

4. Implementation Legislative policies, treaties, laws (Link Group 3) Economic implications – financing management (Link Group 8) Negative externalities – pollution/misuse upriver negatively affecting downriver locations

5. Management Dams (Link Group 7) Diversions Levees and embankments Uses of water – purification, irrigation, etc. Present efforts to reduce pollution – ecology of river

6. Improvement & Goals for the Future Ensure equitable distribution of water – treaties and legislation Proper management and use of water Reducing pollution Increasing sustainability

7. Group 2- Progress Population and Climate Change

8. Tentative Timeline Data collection: Define and assign subtopics for research. Gather information, build database, create relevant graphs/charts. (2 weeks, ends on Monday Sep 29nd) Data analysis: implications of data, synthesis of information under different topics, information sharing with other groups (1 week, ends on Monday, Oct 6th) Specific and detailed definition of the causes/problems to be tackled. Any additional research needed is assigned. (2 weeks, ends on Monday, Oct 20th) Solution(s): Development of solution(s) for the problems defined in the previous step. Presentation polishing, etc. (The rest of the term)

9. Information-gathering Stage Population Trends (Past/Future) [Amanda & Ivana] –Causes –Specifically: CA, TX, AZ, NV, CO, Mexico, Canada –North America as a whole –Location of population centers in west Water used by area/region [Cat] –Locations where water is not a problem (Canada/per capita water use) –Incentives to move (where has this worked?) –Water pollution as dependent on population –Other options Effects of climate change on agriculture/irrigation [Fan] –How much more water is needed? –Climate change= effect on efficiency of water use Changes of precipitation, changing state of reservoirs/lakes/rivers [John] –Geographical distribution of water Pollution/State of water as it reaches Mexico [Chidi] –Acid rain

10. Research Highlights Climate Change and Agriculture Change in temperature/preciptation rates affects plant distribution CO2 and humidity changes  biological functions Changes in plants’ natural enemies Population Changes Population in western US has been growing steadily since the 1880s Disputes over water began in the early 1800s Selected groundwater basins currently available to Southern California: Raymond Basin, West Basin, Central Basin, Main San Gabriel Basin, San Fernando Valley, Mojave River Basin, Orange County, Chino Basin

11. Research Highlights State of water to Mexico Desertification Caused by over- irrigation, over-grazing, or other land abuse Measures to prevent desertification developed in 1960s; only partially successful 22 of the 50 largest cities in the U.S. are located in the desert Desertification of North America

12. Group 3: Trans-Boundary Issues Update as of 9/18/08

13. Our Mission/Objectives Analyze current water legislation in the US, Canada, and Mexico Analyze current water legislation in the US, Canada, and Mexico Investigate water regulations that will provide resources for the next 100+ years Investigate water regulations that will provide resources for the next 100+ years Develop the most equitable/fair future water legislation by taking into account: Develop the most equitable/fair future water legislation by taking into account: Population Population Economy Economy Future development Future development

14. Exploratory Research Group: NAFTA? NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement NAFTA = North American Free Trade Agreement Removed trade and investment barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada Removed trade and investment barriers between Mexico, the United States, and Canada Includes sections on both environmental and trade issues Includes sections on both environmental and trade issues

15. NAFTA and Water Due to geographic imbalances of water, private companies want to sell water internationally Due to geographic imbalances of water, private companies want to sell water internationally National legislation may prevent this- currently disputed as to whether this is allowed under NAFTA or not National legislation may prevent this- currently disputed as to whether this is allowed under NAFTA or not ISSUE: Is water allowed to be sold as a privately owned good? ISSUE: Is water allowed to be sold as a privately owned good?

16. Exploratory Research Group: United States Focusing on the disputes across borders within the United States. Focusing on the disputes across borders within the United States. Current legislation regulating water between state and county borders. Current legislation regulating water between state and county borders. The information will be used as a comparison to the boundary disputes between nations. The information will be used as a comparison to the boundary disputes between nations. How does United States policy alter between its states and neighboring sovereign countries? How does United States policy alter between its states and neighboring sovereign countries? How could current legislation infer future equitable water distribution problems? How could current legislation infer future equitable water distribution problems? How can we improve current legislation? How can we improve current legislation?

17. Potential Sources Journal Articles Journal Articles Impact of Politics on the Colorado River Basin Water Agreement: In-Depth Administrative Analysis by Polly Walker Impact of Politics on the Colorado River Basin Water Agreement: In-Depth Administrative Analysis by Polly Walker Overarching legislation governing transboundary sources of water Overarching legislation governing transboundary sources of water El Paso County of Colorado El Paso County of Colorado City of Colorado Springs, Colorado City of Colorado Springs, Colorado Local legislation on city and county water rights Local legislation on city and county water rights Reflects the opinions of individuals in a particular area, rather than the opinion of their representatives Reflects the opinions of individuals in a particular area, rather than the opinion of their representatives

18. Exploratory Research Group: Mexico Analyze current water distribution with Mexico Analyze current water distribution with Mexico Does it provide enough clean water? Does it provide enough clean water? How do relations with Mexico compare with relations with more developed countries? How do relations with Mexico compare with relations with more developed countries? To what extent should future legislation account for potential growth/development? To what extent should future legislation account for potential growth/development? What responsibility does the US have to encourage that growth/development? What responsibility does the US have to encourage that growth/development? How do border disputes affect water regulation? How do border disputes affect water regulation?

19. Exploratory Research Group: Canada Analyze current water regulation with Canada Analyze current water regulation with Canada Are there any border disputes that complicate water distribution? Are there any border disputes that complicate water distribution? How should pollution (beginning in Canada, then US) be managed in future legislation? How should pollution (beginning in Canada, then US) be managed in future legislation?

20. IRRIGATION !!! Group 4 ^.^

21. 0|_||2 />|_@|\| = (our plan) hosted by :1337 5p33(# 1. Sources of water used/how much is used (Jen- group 1, 5, 6) 2. The types of crops grown (Jen, John) 3. What's done with the water after it is used (Megan - group 6) 4. Environmental effects (Sondra, Michelle) 5. Irrigation methods (Ashley, John) 6. How much will all of this cost??? (Tyler, Krupa - group 8)

22. Group 5: Groundwater Reserves (including Ogallala Aquifer)‏

26. Natural Recharge Recharge is promoted by:  Natural vegetation cover  Flat topography  Permeable soil  A deep water table Ogallala Aquifer  Almost all water comes from rainfall and snowmelt  Less than 25 millimeters (1 inch) annually  No longer water recharge from Rockies Question: With very little recharge, how will the Ogallala Aquifer continue to provide water to the West at its current usage?

29. Group Six Desalinization (however you feel like spelling it) and Sewage Treatment

30. ToO

31. Key Questions: DesalinationSewage Treatment Economic Viability At what point and what level is the solution profitable? Who should fund it?  Engineering/Tech Developments Which existing technologies are most effective for a particular purpose? How can we plan for new technologies and their potential impacts?  Environmental Impact/Energy Do the advantages of not using groundwater outweigh damage due to energy use and plant production? How does the increasing amount of waste effect ecosystems and humans? ScalabilityHow do the economics and production levels change when scaled up or down?  SustainabilityHow long will this solution be effective and what are the assumptions behind this prediction? 

32. Improvement & Goals for the Future Ensure equitable distribution of water – treaties and legislation Proper management and use of water Reducing pollution Increasing sustainability

33. Water and Energy Group 007

34. Our Strategy... Division of research into 5 subgroups Types of fuel Energy Trends Technology and Research Water Treatment Infrastructure & Policy

35. Economics Points of Interest ➲ Pricing West Coast: Colorado River Irrigation Desalinization ➲ Environment Climate Change Groundwater Reserves tburnett@mit.edu ➲ Conservation/Regulation Colorado River Population Growth Policies to Regulate ➲ H20 Supply & Demand Energy Groundwater Reserves Desalination & sewage treatment clarion@mit.edu

36. Pricing ➲ Externalities Ecosystem functions ➲ Rationing Price (taxes and user fees)‏ Quantity (permits)‏ ➲ Current research

37. Environment/Conservation ➲ Contamination ➲ Awareness and education Irrigation ➲ Biodiversity ➲ Population and livestock use of and impact upon water availability

38. Regulation & Conservation ➲ Controlling water use Some water plan (e.g. increased rates for excess consumption)‏ Work with Pricing group ➲ Protecting current resources Evaluate current federal and state laws Laws on usage (amount, which sources)‏ Limiting damage from industry, recreation, etc

39. Infrastructure ➲ H 2 O Supply ➲ Public vs. Private ➲ Water sharing (Canada, Mexico)‏ ➲ Current research