1. Bee Propolis: Ancient Cure for Today’s Ailments By: Dana Catalfamo

2. Propolis Essentially the “glue” in bee hives. Essentially the “glue” in bee hives. Made of plant resin. Made of plant resin. Preserves warmth in hive and keeps out microbes. Preserves warmth in hive and keeps out microbes. Has various antimicrobial properties. Has various antimicrobial properties. Used for healing and part of “apitherapy”. Used for healing and part of “apitherapy”. Interesting uses including violin varnish. Interesting uses including violin varnish. Used since the Ancient Greeks and Romans discovered it. Used since the Ancient Greeks and Romans discovered it.

3. Propolis in the Hive (Kulincevica & Gacica, 1991)

4. Major Components Caffeic acid phenethyl ether or CAPE. Caffeic acid phenethyl ether or CAPE. Phenolics Phenolics Terpenes Terpenes Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbons Acids Acids Flavonoids Flavonoids

5. Properties of Propolis in General Stimulates antibody production. Stimulates antibody production. Inhibits viral entry into CD4 lymphocytes, especially against HIV-1. Inhibits viral entry into CD4 lymphocytes, especially against HIV-1. Increases effectiveness of antiviral drugs such as the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, zidovudine. Increases effectiveness of antiviral drugs such as the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, zidovudine. Treats opportunistic infections that plague AIDS patients. Treats opportunistic infections that plague AIDS patients. Decreases lymphocyte proliferation when exposed to mitogens such as ConA. Decreases lymphocyte proliferation when exposed to mitogens such as ConA. Increases production of IFN-γ and activates macrophages. Increases production of IFN-γ and activates macrophages.

6. Interesting Properties of CAPE Inhibits Nuclear Transcription Factor KappaB or NF- κB, which drives T-cell proliferation and effector functions. Inhibits Nuclear Transcription Factor KappaB or NF- κB, which drives T-cell proliferation and effector functions. Anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-inflammatory activity. Treats arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD. Treats arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, or IBD. Inhibits IL-2 which also drives T-cell proliferation. Inhibits IL-2 which also drives T-cell proliferation.

7. Different Geographical Samples of Propolis Not much of a difference in the effectiveness of propolis from different regions. Not much of a difference in the effectiveness of propolis from different regions. Most common one studied is from Brazil and also from Bulgaria. Most common one studied is from Brazil and also from Bulgaria.

8. Increased Antibody Production Propolis was shown to increase antibody production in rats immunized with bovine serum albumin, BSA. Propolis was shown to increase antibody production in rats immunized with bovine serum albumin, BSA. Acted as adjuvant. Acted as adjuvant. Enhanced the activity of macrophages. Enhanced the activity of macrophages.

9. Increased Antibody Production (Sforcin, Orsi, & Bankova, 2005)

10. Inhibition of NF-κB CAPE inhibited NF-κB binding to macrophages and decreased cytokine production. CAPE inhibited NF-κB binding to macrophages and decreased cytokine production. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α, which stimulates macrophages to kill tumor cells was used to see if NF- κB would bind. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNF-α, which stimulates macrophages to kill tumor cells was used to see if NF- κB would bind. Anti-inflammatory activity. Anti-inflammatory activity. Macrophages underwent apoptosis in patients with IBD leading to healing of the injuries to the colon. Macrophages underwent apoptosis in patients with IBD leading to healing of the injuries to the colon.

11. Inhibition of NF-κB (Fitzpatrick, Wang, & Le, 2001)

12. CAPE Induces Apoptosis in Macrophages in Patients with IBD (Fitzpatrick, Wang, & Le, 2001)

13. CAPE Reduces Injury to the Colon (Fitzpatrick, Wang, & Le, 2001)

14. Inhibition of IL-2 CAPE inhibited IL-2 leading to anti- inflammatory activity. CAPE inhibited IL-2 leading to anti- inflammatory activity. T-cell proliferation was inhibited in samples with Con-A, a mitogen, added. T-cell proliferation was inhibited in samples with Con-A, a mitogen, added.

15. Anti-viral Activity Viral entry of HIV-1 was inhibited in CD4 lymphocytes. Viral entry of HIV-1 was inhibited in CD4 lymphocytes. Effectiveness of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, zidovudine, was increased. Effectiveness of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor, zidovudine, was increased. Virus was kept from proliferating. Virus was kept from proliferating. HUGE BREAKTHROUGH!!!!! HUGE BREAKTHROUGH!!!!!

16. Propolis Decreased Viral Expression in CD4 Cells (Gekker, Hu, Spivak, Lokensgard, & Peterson, 2005)

17. Propolis Increases Effectiveness of Anti-viral Drugs (Gekker et. al, 2005)

18. Treatment for AIDS Patients Propolis treats opportunistic fungal infections such as thrush and leukoplakia. Propolis treats opportunistic fungal infections such as thrush and leukoplakia. Kept infections from coming back and alleviated symptoms. Kept infections from coming back and alleviated symptoms. Increased the immune response. Increased the immune response.

19. Increased Production of IFN-γ Propolis increased IFN-γ production leading to the antigen being presented on cells and the immune response starting to clear it faster. Propolis increased IFN-γ production leading to the antigen being presented on cells and the immune response starting to clear it faster. Mitogen infected cells did not show proliferation that would normally happen. Mitogen infected cells did not show proliferation that would normally happen. Kept mitogen from working. Kept mitogen from working.

20. Propolis Inhibits Mitogen Activity

21. Pharmacology No recommended dose. No recommended dose. Capsules, liquid, lozenges, tablets, creams, gels, toothpastes, mouth rinses, and cough syrups. Capsules, liquid, lozenges, tablets, creams, gels, toothpastes, mouth rinses, and cough syrups. Well tolerated unless a person is allergic to a component of propolis. Well tolerated unless a person is allergic to a component of propolis. If allergic, hives result. If allergic, hives result.

22. Summary Propolis is an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Propolis is an effective anti-inflammatory agent. Can be used to help AIDS patients. Can be used to help AIDS patients. Controls inflammatory diseases. Controls inflammatory diseases. Increases effectiveness of immune system. Increases effectiveness of immune system. Mechanisms are not known yet. Mechanisms are not known yet. HERBAL MEDICINE IS GOOD!! HERBAL MEDICINE IS GOOD!! Ancient cure for today’s ailments. Ancient cure for today’s ailments.

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