1. Carbon Cycle

2. What is Carbon and carbon dioxide?

3. Carbon is the fourth most abundant element in the universe and is needed for life.
It is the backbone of life on earth
we need carbon but that need is also entwined with one of the serious problem facing us today.

4. Carbon dioxide
a colorless, odorless, and slightly acid tasting gas, sometimes called carbonic acid gas, the molecule of which consists of one atom of carbon joined to two atoms of oxygen (CO2).

5. What is Carbon Cycle?

6. Carbon cycle
The set of biochemical processes by which carbon undergoes chemical reaction, changes form, and moves through different reservoirs on earth, including living organism.
The geological component of the carbon cycle is driven by plate tectonics and includes processes like volcanic eruption and burial of carbon rich sediments on the ocean floor.

7. The global carbon cycle is divided into major reservoir of common interconnected by pathway of exchange.

8. The atmosphere
The terrestrial biosphere
The ocean including dissolved inorganic carbon the living and non living marine biota
Sediment including fossil fuel ,fresh water system and non living organic material such as soil carbon

9. Two Types of Carbon Cycle
Terrestrial Carbon Cycle
Aquatic Carbon Cycle

10. Terrestrial Carbon Cycle
Concerned with the movement of carbon through terrestrial ecosystems.
Terrestrial plants use atmospheric carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to generate oxygen that sustains animal life.

11. Aquatic Carbon Cycle
concerned with the movements of carbon through marine ecosystems.
Aquatic plants also generate oxygen but they use carbon dioxide from water.

12. Importance of Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is important because its disruption is what causes global warming at the atmosphere.
Too much carbon dioxide accumulates in the atmosphere and the carbon dioxide trap heat inside the planet causing global temperature to rise.

13. Causes

14. The movement of carbon molecules from the co2 pool to the air and water to plants and animals is at various positions along the food chain and respiration return along the pool.

15. Carbon is also returned to the pool through bacterial and fungal agent that causes decay, thus converting the complex carbon containing molecules to their simple component.

16. one important factor: Human activities
change the atmosphere's composition. Through burning fossil fuels, industrial production and etc.
These human activities increase the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which keeps more heat in our atmosphere  , facilitating global warming.

17. Factor that leads to global warming
Increasing Population Growth
Destruction of the forest
Burning of fossil fuel
Exhaust Fumes/ Smokes and other Gases

18. Mechanisms

20. Photosynthesis
Chemical process by which plants containing chlorophyll use sunlight to manufacture their own food by converting carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates, releasing oxygen as a by-product.

21. Plants Use Carbon Dioxide
Plants pull carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and use it to make food Called photosynthesis.
The carbon becomes part of the plant (stored food).

22. Respiration
The process in which oxygen is used to break down organic compounds into carbon dioxide (CO2 ) and water (H 2 O).

23. Animals Eat Plants
When organisms eat plants, they take in the carbon and some of it becomes part of their own bodies.

24. Decomposition
The breakdown of complex molecules is a molecule of which dead organisms are composed into simple nutrients that can be reutilized by living organisms.

25. Plants and Animal Die
When plants and animals die, most of their bodies are decomposed and carbon atoms are returned to the atmosphere.
Some are not decomposed fully and end up in deposits underground (oil, coal, etc.).

26. Combustion
It is the sequence of exothermic chemical reactions between a fuel and an oxidant accompanied by the production of heat and conversion of chemical species.

27. Weathering of rocks
It is the breaking down of rocks, soil and mineral as well as artificial material through contact with the earth’s atmosphere, biota, and water.

28. Two important classification of weathering process:
Physical or Mechanical Weathering
Chemical Weathering

29. Carbon Slowly Returns to Atmosphere
Carbon in rocks and underground deposits is released very slowly into the atmosphere.
This process takes many years.
Cycle Repeats Over and Over and Over and Over …

30. Effects

31. 2 major effect of global warming
Increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5° C (5.4° to 9° Fahrenheit) by the year 2100.
Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100.

32. climate change
The effects of climate change can be seen around the world. Temperatures, including those coastal waters, have already risen. Globally, extreme weather is predicted to become more common and to have a negative impact on humans, animals and plants

33. Acid Rain

34. Impact

35. HUMAN
Humans negatively impact the carbon cycle by extracting fossil fuels from the ground and unbalancing the cycle.

36. climate change
Changes in the greenhouse effect , which affects the amount of heat retained by Earth’s atmosphere
Variations in the sun’s energy ,reaching Earth
Changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface.

38. Most places will continue to get warmer especially at night and in winter
Sea levels will continue to rise for many centuries
Weather patterns will keep changing
Increased carbon dioxide levels will affect biological systems independent of climate change.

39. Mitigation

40. To successfully manage carbon for climate purposes it requires increased understanding of carbon cycle dynamics and improvements in the scientific capabilities available for measurement as well as policy needs.
Land management
Energy Policy
Land management, especially forestry and forest management, can contribute to mitigation aims both by maintaining healthy ecosystems and thereby helping to maintain and increase the natural land-based carbon sink, and by reducing emissions of CO2 by human activities from these forests (Figure 2). These two opportunities are not mutually exclusive, and will be briefly described in very broad terms.
Forest management to increase or maintain terrestrial ecosystem carbon
The various forest ecosystem management activities that have been proposed (Binkley et al., 1998; Kauppi et al., 2001) can be grouped into three broad approaches: strategies that seek to maintain and preserve existing forests; those that aim to increase the area of land under forest; and those that attempt to increase the carbon stock density on the forested land (C/ha).
Managing services derived from forests for carbon benefits
Products extracted from managed forest ecosystems play multiple roles in the global carbon cycle: they act as an off-site, manageable carbon reservoir; they can be burned to provide a renewable source of energy; and they substitute for competing materials having a larger atmospheric CO2 footprint.
Forest products as a manageable carbon pool
The trade of forest products results in a spatial displacement of the source component (at the site of the decomposing product) relative to a comparable sink component (in the forest ecosystem). The carbon contained in forest products makes a small, and manageable, contribution to the global carbon balance.
Globally, the net effect on atmospheric concentration is negligible unless the rate of decomposition in the geographically displaced product pools is different from that in the forest ecosystem from which it was removed. Controlling these rates through wise management, however, can offer some degree of mitigation of the increases in atmospheric CO2.
Use of forest biomass for bioenergy
Forest-derived organic materials can also serve to reduce anthropogenic emissions in two important ways: by directly supplying energy services (bioenergy) and by supplying essential products and services that otherwise cause fossil fuel CO2 emissions. (Figure 3 shows this emission reduction role as a control on the fossil-fuel emissions.)
The trend of increasing replacement of traditional wood-based construction products by cement, metals such as steel and aluminium, and plastics has an adverse impact on the global carbon cycle by increasing the combustion of fossil fuel for their production. For example, the CO2 emissions associated with electrical transmission line towers is estimated at ~ 10 t C/km when manufactured from tubular steel and ~ 4.3 t C/km from concrete, in contrast to the ~ 1 t C/km estimated for roundwood poles (Richter, 1998). Similar ratios are found for other materials such as aluminum and PVC, that require expenditures of energy in their production (Richter, 1998), but which are increasingly becoming substitutes for traditional wood products.

41. Two methods used to balance disrupted carbon cycle
MITIGATION
Eco carbon cycle The eco carbon cycle starts with sustainable forest management that ensures an inexhaustible supply of wood and the preservation of biodiversity.
The sun drives the pulp and paper eco-cycle: using water, nutrients and carbon dioxide (CO2), photosynthesis transforms solar energy into wood fibres in growing trees. This endless process means that the forest is a renewable source of raw material that provides wood fibres to produce timber products, pulp and paper, and energy as biomass energy.
This CO2 is also kept in forest products, such as books, paper and packaging. Once paper products have been consumed, they can be used as secondary raw materials for paper recycling, expanding the lifespan of wood fibres and hence the duration carbon is stored in the product pool.
Green energy provider When no longer suitable as a raw material, wood fibres can be used as a source of energy. Green energy sources generated by the paper industry include wood residues, black liquor (a pulp derivative) and production residues. The CO2 released by using the biomass is essential for the growth of wood and in this way the eco-cycle is closed and balanced. Renewable, recyclable, and able to absorb and subsequently store carbon, many benefits emerge from the eco cycle.
Protecting the source Climate change is intimately linked with forest management . Recognising this link, the paper industry has embraced certification, safety and traceability, while doing everything it can to rein in illegal logging and other unethical practices. By promoting sustainable forest management we can best guarantee the longevity of our forests.
The use of renewable raw material will become more and more important as we look to achieve sustainable consumption and seek to mitigate climate change. The carbon-based products manufactured by the industry and its reliance on biomass indicates that the paper industry is on the way to becoming a truly sustainable industry

42. Carbon sequestration
Deep sea carbon storage

43. Carbon sequestration
Carbon capture and storage (CCS), (carbon capture and sequestration), refers to technology attempting to prevent the release of large quantities of CO2 into the atmosphere from fossil fuel use in power generation and other industries by capturing CO2, transporting it and ultimately, pumping it into underground geologic formations to securely store it away from the atmosphere.[1] It is a potential means of mitigating the contribution of fossil fuel emissions to global warming.[2] The process is based on capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from large point sources, such as fossil fuel power plants, and storing it where it will not enter the atmosphere.[3] It can also be used to describe the scrubbing of CO2 from ambient air as a geoengineering technique. Although CO2 has been injected into geological formations for various purposes, the long term storage of CO2 is a relatively new concept. The first commercial example was Weyburn in 2000.[4]
An integrated pilot-scale CCS power plant was to begin operating in September 2008 in the eastern German power plant Schwarze Pumpe run by utility Vattenfall, in the hope of answering questions about technological feasibility and economic efficiency. CCS applied to a modern conventional power plant could reduce CO2 emissions to the atmosphere by approximately 80-90% compared to a plant without CCS.[5] The IPCC estimates that the economic potential of CCS could be between 10% and 55% of the total carbon mitigation effort until year 2100.[5]
Capturing and compressing CO2 may increase the fuel needs of a coal-fired CCS plant by 25%-40%.[5] These and other system costs are estimated to increase the cost of the energy produced by 21-91% for purpose built plants.[5] Applying the technology to existing plants would be more expensive especially if they are far from a sequestration site. Recent industry reports suggest that with successful research, development and deployment (RD&D), sequestered coal-based electricity generation in 2025 may cost less than unsequestered coal-based electricity generation today.[6]

44. 3 types of technologies for scrubbing
Post-combustion capture
Pre-combustion capture
oxy-fuel combustion
Capturing CO2 is probably most effective at point sources, such as large fossil fuel or biomass energy facilities, industries with major CO2 emissions, natural gas processing, synthetic fuel plants and fossil fuel-based hydrogen production plants. Extraction (recovery) from air is possible, but not very practical. The CO2 concentration drops rapidly moving away from the point source. The lower concentration increases the amount of mass flow that must be processed (per tonne of carbon dioxide extracted). The air also contains oxygen, however, and so capturing and scrubbing the CO2 from the air, and then storing the CO2, could slow down the oxygen cycle in the biosphere.[10]
Concentrated CO2 from the combustion of coal in oxygen is relatively pure, and could be directly processed. However impurities in CO2 streams could have a significant effect on their phase behavior and could pose a significant threat of increased corrosion of pipeline and well materials. [11] In instances where CO2 impurities exist and especially with air capture, a scrubbing process would be needed.[12]
Organisms that produce ethanol by fermentation generate cool, essentially pure CO2 that can be pumped underground.[13] Fermentation produces slightly less CO2 than ethanol by weight. World ethanol production in 2008 is expected to be about 16 billion US gallons (61,000,000 m3).[14]
Broadly, three different types of technologies for scrubbing exist: post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion
In post combustion capture, the CO2 is removed after combustion of the fossil fuel — this is the scheme that would be applied to fossil-fuel burning power plants. Here, carbon dioxide is captured from flue gases at power stations or other large point sources. The technology is well understood and is currently used in other industrial applications, although not at the same scale as might be required in a commercial scale power station.
The technology for pre-combustion is widely applied in fertilizer, chemical, gaseous fuel (H2, CH4), and power production.[15] In these cases, the fossil fuel is partially oxidized, for instance in a gasifier. The resulting syngas (CO and H2O) is shifted into CO2 and more H2. The resulting CO2 can be captured from a relatively pure exhaust stream. The H2 can now be used as fuel; the carbon dioxide is removed before combustion takes place. There are several advantages and disadvantages when compared to conventional post combustion carbon dioxide capture.[16][17] The CO2 is removed after combustion of fossil fuels, but before the flue gas is expanded to atmospheric pressure. This scheme is applied to new fossil fuel burning power plants, or to existing plants where re-powering is an option. The capture before expansion, i.e. from pressurized gas, is standard in almost all industrial CO2 capture processes, at the same scale as will be required for utility power plants.[18][19]
In oxy-fuel combustion[20] the fuel is burned in oxygen instead of air. To limit the resulting flame temperatures to levels common during conventional combustion, cooled flue gas is recirculated and injected into the combustion chamber. The flue gas consists of mainly carbon dioxide and water vapour, the latter of which is condensed through cooling. The result is an almost pure carbon dioxide stream that can be transported to the sequestration site and stored. Power plant processes based on oxyfuel combustion are sometimes referred to as "zero emission" cycles, because the CO2 stored is not a fraction removed from the flue gas stream (as in the cases of pre- and post-combustion capture) but the flue gas stream itself. A certain fraction of the CO2 generated during combustion will inevitably end up in the condensed water. To warrant the label "zero emission" the water would thus have to be treated or disposed of appropriately. The technique is promising, but the initial air separation step demands a lot of energy.
An alternate method which is under development, is chemical looping combustion (CLC). Chemical looping uses a metal oxide as a solid oxygen carrier. Metal oxide particles react with a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel in a fluidized bed combustor, producing solid metal particles and a mixture of carbon dioxide and water vapor. The water vapor is condensed, leaving pure carbon dioxide which can then be sequestered. The solid metal particles are circulated to another fluidized bed where they react with air, producing heat and regenerating metal oxide particles that are recirculated to the fluidized bed combustor. A variant of chemical looping is calcium looping, which uses the alternating carbonation and then calcination of a calcium oxide based carrier as a means of capturing CO2.[21]
A few engineering proposals have been made for the more difficult task of capturing CO2 directly from the air, but work in this area is still in its infancy. Capture costs are estimated to be higher than from point sources, but may be feasible for dealing with emissions from diffuse sources such as automobiles and aircraft.[22] The theoretically required energy for air capture is only slightly more than for capture from point sources. The additional costs come from the devices that use the natural air flow. Global Research Technologies demonstrated a pre-prototype of air capture technology in 2007.[23]
Removing CO2 from the atmosphere is a form of geoengineering by greenhouse gas remediation. Techniques of this type have received widespread media coverage as they offer the promise of a comprehensive solution to global warming if they can be coupled with effective carbon sequestration technologies.
It is more usual to see such techniques proposed for air capture, than for flue gas treatment. Carbon dioxide capture and storage is more commonly proposed on plants burning coal in oxygen extracted from the air, which means the CO2 is highly concentrated and no scrubbing process is necessary. According to the Wallula Energy Resource Center in Washington state, by gasifying coal, it is possible to capture approximately 65% of carbon dioxide embedded in it and sequester it in a solid form.[24]

45. Deep sea carbon storage
Deep ocean storage is no longer considered feasible because it greatly increases the problem of ocean acidification.[7] Geological formations are currently considered the most promising sequestration sites.[8] The National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) reported that North America has enough storage capacity for more than 900 years worth of carbon dioxide at current production rates.[9] A general problem is that long term predictions about submarine or underground storage security are very difficult and uncertain, and there is still the risk that CO2 might leak from the storage into the atmosphere.

46. CONCLUSION and RECOMMENDATION
Conclusions: The global forest sector and the global carbon cycle
Over the past 420 000 years or more, the global carbon budget has been remarkably stable, with small changes (_ 20%) in the net balance, expressed by atmospheric carbon stocks, accompanying relatively small fluctuations (_ 5 oC) in the global average temperature. The nineteenth century, however, witnessed the start of a dramatic change in this balance that today has already seen a 68% increase in CO2 relative to the average of the past years, an increase whose rate is still rising. This change has been driven by human perturbations to the global carbon cycle. These perturbations have been both direct, introducing new carbon to the active cycle through fossil-fuel use and land-use change, and indirect, affecting the biospheric part of the active carbon cycle through other environmental changes, and through perturbations to other global biogeochemical cycles. The observed response of the global climate system to this change over the last 100 years, expressed in terms of global mean temperature, is modest (+ 0.6 oC) but has already caused detectable impacts.
The predicted changes in climate over the next 100 years are more certain and predicted to be higher, and faster, than previously estimated - as much as + 6 oC or more by Although terrestrial (and ocean) ecosystems currently accommodate ~ 60% of the direct anthropogenic inputs of CO2 to the atmosphere, the physiological mechanisms thought responsible for this increased uptake are unlikely to function as effectively in the future. Thus, in the absence of purposeful mitigation, the land-based CO2 sink will likely decrease and could even become a source over the coming century (Cox et al., 2000), leading to even greater climate changes.
Sustainable development in forestry has an important role to play in reversing these trends. This role is not restricted to the maintenance or enhancement of carbon stocks in forest ecosystems but can include reduction of fossil-fuel emissions. The sustainable use of forest products - including bioenergy to displace the use of fossil fuels and avoiding the use of alternative materials with a higher energy content - may make a much more significant contribution to mitigating climate change in the longer term, because it avoids the introduction of new carbon into the active carbon cycle, while supplying essential goods and services to society.
The sustainable use of forests can provide a potential win-win situation: maintenance of carbon stocks in healthy forest ecosystems, the cost of which may be offset by the continuous stream of forest products, which themselves help to avoid the direct input of new carbon into the atmosphere. Good forestry is part of the solution.

47. CONCLUSION Human activities changes the natural land surface.
Humans causes global climate change through fossil fuel combustion.
Earth's systems are dynamic they continually react to changing influences.

48. There are several compelling reasons to begin establishing a global carbon cycle observing system:
the well-known need for information on the productivity and changes of terrestrial biosphere to permit sustainable development and resource management.

49. the well-established need for improved knowledge of the carbon cycle, its variability, and its likely future evolution, dictated by the desire to develop the most effective national and global policies to deal with climate variability, change, impact and adaptation.

50. RECOMMENDATION
Plant more trees to prevent global warming and other problems.
Reduce the use of chemical that can harm our environment.
Promotion of family planning to reduce population growth.
Promotion of the use of electric vehicle to lessen the CO2 emission.
Provide funding for this project.

51. THANK YOU FOR LISTENING AND GOD BLESS 